I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward. The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states. Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate.

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Missouri Compromise called for admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s southern border.

I-A: What were the results of the Missouri Compromise? To keep the political balance in the Senate, Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. Slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s southern border was prohibited

I-B: What enabled more white males gain the right to vote throughout the first decades of the 1800’s? Many states lowered or eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The presidential candidates for the election of 1828 were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. The candidates resorted to mudslinging, criticizing each other’s personalities and morals.

Jackson won the election of 1828 Jackson won the election of 1828. Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interests.

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Jackson believed in the participation of the average citizen in government. He supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support.

I-C: In President Jackson’s view, how did the spoils system strengthen democracy? It got rid of a permanent office-holding class and opened up the government to more ordinary citizens

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism In the early 1800s, South Carolina’s economy was weakening, and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs. South Carolina purchased most of its manufactured goods from England, and the high tariffs made these goods expensive. When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828—called the “Tariff of Abominations” by critics—South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union.

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism John C. Calhoun, the nation’s vice president, was torn between supporting the nation’s policies and supporting fellow South Carolinians. Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of nullification, the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid

I-D:How did VP Calhoun justify nullification? He argued that because the states had created the federal union, they had the right to declare federal law null or invalid

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism President Jackson defended the Union with regards to the tariffs. After Senator Henry Clay pushed through a bill that would lower tariffs gradually until 1842, South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law.

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism Slavery remained a divisive issue. However, Jackson largely ignored the issue, focusing instead on Native Americans. President Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native Americans out of the way of white settlers. In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act, which helped the states relocate Native Americans to uninhabited regions west of the Mississippi River.

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism The Cherokee in Georgia fought the Indian Removal Act by appealing to the Supreme Court. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), and Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice Marshall supported the Cherokees’ right to control their land. President Jackson refused to support the decision.

I-E: How did President Jackson’s views toward Native Americans differ from the Supreme Court’s views? Jackson felt they should be relocated to make room for white settlers. The Supreme Court decided that they had the right to stay on their native land

I:F- What was the Trail of Tears? The government-forced westward march of the Cherokee to areas west of the Mississippi

I. The Resurgence of Sectionalism By the mid-1830s, a new political party called the Whigs formed to oppose President Jackson. Many members were former National Republicans, whose party had fallen apart.

I-G: What did the Whigs want to accomplish? The Whigs wanted to: expand the federal government, encourage industrial and commercial development create a centralized economy

II. The Reform Spirit In the mid-1800s, many Americans worked to reform various aspects of society. Dorothea Dix worked for improved treatment of the mentally ill.

II-A: What was the Second Great Awakening? It was a movement organized by religious leaders in the early 1800’s to revive Americans’ commitment to religion

II-B:What were three new religious groups that flourished in the early 1800’s? A number of new religious denominations emerged from the new religious revival. Unitarianism, Universalism & Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)

II. The Reform Spirit Many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one of the major causes of crime and poverty. These reformers advocated temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. Several temperance groups joined together in 1833 to form the American Temperance Union. Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor

II-C: What was the goal of temperance groups? To convince people of the evils of alcohol and to urge heavy drinkers to give up liquor

II-D: How did Society view women in the early 1800s? Since women had no vote, they did not need to become educated. Most people thought the home was the proper place for women. Wives were thought to be morally superior to their husbands and better able to serve as role models for their families.

II. The Reform Spirit Many women began to believe that they had an important role to improve society. Some began to argue that they needed greater rights to promote their roles. Other women also argued that equal rights for men and women would end many social injustices

II-E: What shocking idea did Elizabeth Cady Stanton propose at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848? She proposed that women focus on the right to vote

II. The Reform Spirit The movement calling for abolition, or the immediate end to slavery, polarized the nation and contributed to the Civil War. Many Americans had opposed slavery, and there had been opposition to slavery since the Revolutionary War.

II. The Reform Spirit In the 1830s, the development of a large national abolitionist movement was largely due to the work of William Lloyd Garrison. He called for emancipation, or freeing, of enslaved persons.

II. The Reform Spirit Free African Americans also played a prominent role in the abolitionist movement. The most prominent was Frederick Douglass, who published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star. Sojourner Truth was another important African American abolitionist.

Frederick Douglass (center left) attending an abolitionist rally in Cazenovia, New York, in August 1850.

II-F: Why did some Northerners object to abolitionism? They regarded the movement as a threat to the existing social system Many warned that it would produce conflict between the North and South. Others feared a possible huge influx of African Americans to the North. Still others feared that abolition would destroy the Southern economy, and thereby affect their own economy.