Honors American History Chapter 7 Issues of the Gilded Age Honors American History Chapter 7

Segregation and Discrimination What other types of discrimination and segregation did they face? What were Jim Crow laws? What was the worst outcome of discrimination?

Reconstruction Presidents Reconstruction- The time period following the Civil War when the United States was trying to decide on how to let the Confederate States back into the union and on what conditions.

13th Amendment

1. 13th Amendment 2. 14th Amendment 3. 15th Amendment Civil War 1861-1865 1. 13th Amendment 2. 14th Amendment 3. 15th Amendment

White Terrorism Ku Klux Klan established Terrorizes blacks and black sympathizers

Failure of Reconstruction Republicans lose power Corruption in Grant’s presidency Nation-wide displeasure with Reconstruction (pace, terror) Depressions draw away attention (1873, 1884) Democrats regain power in Congress

Results of Reconstruction White Southerners regain political control Army removed from South Blacks lose their gains Voting rights not enforced Sharecropping established Terror continues - lynching

Turn of the Century Black America Jim Crow Laws Poll Taxes Literacy Tests Segregated Facilities Social Practices Sharecropping

Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896

Fighting Back – Booker T. Washington Worked to establish vocational training for African-Americans. Thought it was too soon for African-Americans to expect full political rights. Worked openly with the white establishment. Founded Tuskegee Institute.

Fighting Back – W.E.B. DuBois Demanded full political rights for blacks immediately. First African-American to earn a PhD from Harvard Wanted a classical education for African-Americans Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Ida Wells Barnett

Enforcement of Jim Crow Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) White-Controlled Politicians and Law Enforcement Ku Klux Klan Lynching

Who was an African-American reformer? Ida Wells Booker T. Washington WEB DuBois All of the above

Other groups face discrimination Hispanic Americans What problems did they face? Asian Americans What did they face? Women

What was the key date in the women's suffrage movement? 1848 1869 1872 1920 All of the above

What was the worst possible outcome of discrimination? Denial to vote Lynchings Lower wages Poll Taxes Literacy Tests Sharecropping

Political and Economic Challenges Section 7.2

Political Scandal and Reform Who controlled the local government in American cities in the late 1800’s? Who led these groups? How did they get support? What was the notorious of these groups in NYC?

Who is this individual? James Garfield Boss Tweed US Grant Roscoe Conkling Chester Arthur Thomas Nast

Who is this individual? What happened to him?

The Presidency as a Symbolic Office Senator Roscoe Conkling Party bosses ruled. Presidents should avoid offending any factions within their own party. The President just doled out federal jobs. 1865  53,000 people worked for the federal govt. 1890  166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “ Senator Roscoe Conkling

Presidential Scandal Grant becomes President in 1869 Cre’dit Mobilier Scandal

1880 Presidential Election: Republicans Half Breeds Stalwarts Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York) compromise How were his views different? What political views did he have? James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)

Garfield

1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now! What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield?

What was he trying to accomplish by killing Garfield? Place a Stalwart in the Presidency Replace Garfield Support the “Spoils System” Show that he is insane All of the above.

Chester A. Arthur: The Fox in the Chicken Coop Chester A. Arthur: The Fox in the Chicken Coop? How did he surprise his supporters?

The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed: After McKinley became President By the Tammany Hall Political Machine After President Garfield was assasinated Immigrants became a force in national politics

Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act. The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform. Promotion based on??? 1883  14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions. 1900  100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

Populism: An Agrarian Revolt 7.3

Founder of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (1867)

The Grange Movement Wanted to regulate the railroad rates. What does this lead to? First organized in the 1870s in the Midwest, the south, and Texas. Set up cooperative associations. Social and educational components. Succeeded in lobbying for “Granger Laws.” Rapidly declined by the late 1870s.

The Farmers Alliances Begun in the 1870s (Built upon the ashes of the Grange.) Wanted more paper money in circulation. Why?? More political and less social than the Grange. Ran candidates for office. Controlled 8 state legislatures & had 47 representatives in Congress during the 1890s.

Farmers Alliance forms political party 1873 Congress puts US dollar on gold standard Reduces the amount of money in circulation Impact on farmers?? What do farmers want? Why?

What did the Populist Party want? Government ownership of the railroads Bank regulation Graduated income tax Free coinage of silver All of the above

The Populist (Peoples’) Party James B. Weaver, Presidential Candidate Founded by James B. Weaver and Tom Watson. Omaha, NE Convention in July, 1892. Got almost 1 million popular votes. Several Congressional seats won. What did they want? James B. Weaver, Presidential Candidate & James G. Field, VP

Populist Farmers wanted more money in circulation in order to: Decrease the value of their debts Strengthen the Republican Party Slow down foreign immigration Strengthen the Gold Standard

1892 Presidential Election Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again! * (DEM) (REP)

1892 Presidential Election

Cleveland Loses Support Fast! The only President to serve two non- consecutive terms. Blamed for the 1893 Panic. Defended the gold standard. Used federal troops in the 1894 Pullman strike. Refused to sign the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894. Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. (Why was this a problem?)

The Panic of 1893

Causes of the 1893 Panic Begun 10 days after Cleveland took office. Several major corps. went bankrupt.(RR) Over 16,000 businesses disappeared. Triggered a stock market crash. Over-extended investments. Bank failures followed causing a contraction of credit [nearly 500 banks closed]. By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million. Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt. continued its laissez faire policies!! Cleveland blames Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Bi-Metallism Issue

19th Century Monetary Fight East Coast Bankers (Rich) Creditors (They have provided loans to farmers for land, seed, machinery, etc.) Back the Gold Standard Want the amount of currency in U.S. to stay fixed or low growth. Plains Farmers (Poor) Debtors (They have taken out loans that they must pay back) Back the Free Coinage of Silver Want the amount of currency in the U.S. to expand

The 1896 Election

William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) The “Great Commoner”

William Jennings Bryan Prairie avenger, mountain lion, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Gigantic troubadour, speaking like a siege gun, Smashing Plymouth Rock with his boulders from the West. Revivalist style of oratory.

Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” Speech You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!

William McKinley (1843-1901)

1896 Election Results

Why Did Bryan Lose? His focus on ______ undermined efforts to build bridges to urban voters. He did not form alliances with other groups. Business leaders feared him, gave money to _______. __________’s campaign was well- organized and highly funded.

What Populist Party reform survived to be accepted by the major parties? Graduated income tax Regulation of the railroads More flexible monetary system All of the above

Gold Triumphs Over Silver 1900  Gold Standard Act confirmed the nation’s commitment to the gold standard. A victory for the forces of conservatism. Good or bad for farmers??

The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum

The Wizard of Oz A Populist Allegory/Parable?

1964: Henry Littlefield’s “Thesis”?

Dorothy and Toto

Wicked Witch of the East

Munchkins

Wicked Witch of the West

Good Witch of The North

Yellow Brick Road

Scarecrow

Tin Man

Cowardly Lion

Winged Monkeys "Once we were a free people, living happily in the forest, flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master...This was many ears ago before Oz came out of the clouds to rule over this land."

Yellow Winkies

Emerald City

“I’m Melting!”

The Wizard

“Ruby” Slippers In the book they were Silver So they represent?

“Parable of the Populists”? Tornado  ? Dorothy  ? Toto  ? Kansas  ? Wicked Witch of the East  ? Tin Woodsman  ? Scarecrow  ? Cowardly Lion  ? Yellow Brick Road  ? Silver Slippers  ? Emerald City  ? Oz  ? The Wizard  ? Munchkins  ? Wicked Witch of the West  ? Flying Monkeys  ? Yellow Winkies  ?