Applied to Proper Hardware Selection

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File Name: Conductivity.pptFeb 2001 Conductivity Theory Applied to Proper Hardware Selection.

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Applied to Proper Hardware Selection Conductivity Theory Applied to Proper Hardware Selection Feb 2001 File Name: Conductivity.ppt

Conductivity Measurement Used to Measure and Control the Percent Concentration of Acids, Bases and Salts in Solution Measures Total Concentration Not Ion Specific May be Used to Determine the Dominant Chemical File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Electrolytes Acids Bases Salts File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001 Substances which ionize in solution and produce hydrogen ions, H+ Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) dissociates into H+ + Cl- Bases Substances which ionize in solution and produce hydroxide ions, OH- Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, dissociates into Na+ + OH- Salts Substances which ionize in solution and produce neither hydrogen or hydroxide ions Sodium Chloride, NaCl, dissociates into Na+ + Cl- File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Typical Conductivity Values File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Conductivity Measurement Units of Measurement U.S. Units = Micromhos/cm International Units = MicroSiemens/cm 1.0 S/cm = 1,000 mS/cm = 1,000,000 uS/cm umho/cm = uS/cm Conductivity is the Reciprocal of Resistance 1.0 MicroSiemen/cm = 1,000,000 Ohms/-cm 1,000,000 MicroSiemens/cm = 1.0 Ohm/-cm File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Conductivity Measurement High Purity Water Applications Power & Semiconductor Manufacturing Conductivity Measured as Resistivity in MegOhms/cm Pure Water = 18.18 Meg Ohms/-cm = 0.055 uS/cm Water & Water Treatment Applications Industrial Boilers & Cooling Towers Conductivity Measured in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Conductance of Common Acids, Bases and Salts @ 25oC File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Conductivity Measurement Each Acid, Base and Salt has Its Own Temperature Vs. Concentration Curve The Temperature Slope Varies for Different Chemicals Acids 1.0% - 1.6% /oC Natural Waters 2.0%/oC Bases > 1.8 - 2.2%/oC High Purity Water 2.3% - 7.3%/ oC File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Specific Conductivity of Sulfuric Acid File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

5.0% Sulfuric Acid Solution File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Change in Temperature Slope/oC File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Conductivity Measurement Apply an AC Voltage to Two Electrodes of Exact Dimensions Acids, Bases and Salts (NaCl) Dissolve in Solution and Act as Current Carriers The Current Flow is Directly Proportional to the Total Dissolved Solids in Solution The Physical Dimensions of a Conductivity Electrode are Referred to as the Cell Constant Cell Constant is Length/Area Relationship Distance Between Plates = 1.0 cm Area of Each Plate = 1.0 cm x 1.0 cm Cell Constant = 1.0 cm-1 Cell Constant Used to Determine the Measuring Range of the Analyzer Acts as Multiplier Used to Calibrate Analyzer Determined Using NBS Standards Can be NIST Traceable Na+ Cl- File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Four Electrode Conductivity Cells Measures Current and Voltage Drop Current Increases with an Increase in Voltage Drop Across Electrodes Compensates for Minor Coatings on Conductivity Electrodes Used for Higher Range Measurement V File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Inductive Conductivity Also Known as Toroidal and Electrodless Principle of Measurement Two Sealed Wire Wound Coils Electrically Coupled by Solution Conductivity Advantage No Electrodes Exposed to the Measured Solution Not Affected by Coating Disadvantage +- 10% Accuracy High Range Measurement Only > 100 uS/cm File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Reverse Osmosis Unit File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001 pH Transmitter Feed Water Acid Feed Feed Water Tank Conductivity Transmitter RO Unit Waste File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Demineralizer Unit File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001 Caustic Regeneration Acid Regeneration Conductivity Transmitter Conductivity Transmitter Anion Bed Mixed Bed Cation Bed Conductivity Transmitter To Water Storage Conductivity Transmitter Conductivity Transmitter File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Power Utilities Average Number of Analyzers for Each Demin Unit Type Number Conductivity 4 Concentration 2 pH 1 Total 7 Usually 2 per generation unit (make up & polisher) and built in pairs Total X 4 = 28 Analyzers per Unit Two Units Built at a time = 56 Analyzers File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Power Utilities Average Number of Analyzers Per Generating Unit Analyzer Type Number pH 5 Specific Conductivity 6 Cation Conductivity 11 Condensate Analyzer 1 Total 23 Usually Units Built in Pairs = 46 Analyzers File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Boiler Blowdown and Condensate Return Lines Steam Drum Heat Exchanger Condensate Return Top Blowdown Line Conductivity Transmitter Blowdown Valve Steam Header Waste Mud Manual Blowdown Valve Do Not Automate ! Feed Water Tank Flash File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001

Clean in Place (CIP) File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001 Conductivity Transmitter CIP Return Lines Caustic Process Vessels Caustic Dilution Tank Solution Recovery Conductivity Transmitter Water File Name: Conductivity.ppt Feb 2001