CONPTT

Six Criteria of Science : Consistent, Observable, Natural, Predictable, Testable, Tentative.

Consistency : The results of observations and/or experiments are reasonably the same when repeated. Green plants will grow towards a light source. Walking under a ladder will cause bad luck.

Observability : The event or evidence of the event, can be observed and explained. The observations are limited to the basic human senses or to extensions of the senses. Some plants eat meat. Extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth.

Natural : A natural cause (mechanism) must be used to explain why or how the event happens. 1. Green plants convert sunlight into energy. 2. With a rod, Moses parted the sea so his people could cross to the other side..

Predictability : Specific predictions can be used to foretell an event Predictability : Specific predictions can be used to foretell an event. Each prediction can be tested to determine if the prediction is true or false. Without sunlight (or artificial light), green plants will die. If you are a "Scorpio", your horoscope for today is "You'll be saying 'I feel rich !' Lunar position highlights back pay, refunds, correction of accounting error."

Testability : the event must be testable through the processes of science, and controlled experimentation. The Bermuda Triangle causes ships and planes to sink and disappear. Life comes from life and cannot come from non-life.

Tentativeness : Scientific theories are changeable and correctable, even to the point of the theory being proven wrong. Scientific theories have been modified and will continue to be modified Pluto was once a planet but due to it’s orbits, is now considered a dwarf planet. We know that the world began about 6000 years ago, and nothing will change that.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution= Gradual change over time

Adaptation Adaptations are inherited traits that increase a group’s chance of survival & reproduction This type of finch has a thick beak  adaptation for cracking open seeds

Variation Within a species, there is variation Variation = differences between members of a population Species = group that can breed & produce healthy offspring

The Scientists Jean Baptist Lamarck vs. Charles Darwin

are passed to offspring. Jean Baptiste Lamarck Evolution occurs as structures develop through use, or disappear because of disuse, and these “acquired characteristics” are passed to offspring. EXAMPLE: Over a giraffes lifetime it can stretch it’s neck and it’s offspring will be born with long necks…. Valid?

Darwin and The Monkey! THIS IS NOT WHAT HIS THEORY SAYS

Who was Charles Darwin Studied medicine Received a BA in Theology Hated the sight of blood Received a BA in Theology Had 10 children Darwin was a Naturalist on the HMS Beagle

Theory of Evolution In The Galapagos Islands, Darwin collected species of finches (13) Each had a specialized diet and beak structure These finches all closely resembled a South American finch ancestral species On the trip Darwin saw things he could only attribute to a process called: “Natural Selection”

Darwin’s Finches

Theory of Evolution Hypothesized that the differences were do to gradual change Darwin referred to such change as “descent with modification” – evolution; Wrote Origin of Species He still wondered “How does evolution occur?”

After his voyage, Darwin made the following inferences: There is variation within populations Some variations are favorable Not all young produced in each generation can survive Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations Favorable traits will increase in future generations.

Darwin called this process by which populations change in response to their environment: Natural Selection

So....What is Evolution?

Evolution happens because of natural selection Selection acts on individuals, populations evolve

Change creates advantages for some species & disadvantages for others Fossils reveal changes in species over millions of years

Evidence for Evolution Fossils show change over time scientists can date fossils & use them to support the theory of evolution common ancestors reveal whether species are related Anatomy of living species also shows relatedness

How Anatomy supports Evolution Homologous Structures Traits similar in different species because they share a common ancestor Ex: human arm, dog front limb, horse leg, whale fin These “ look the same.” They have the same bones but different function. An

How Anatomy supports Evolution 3. Analogous structures Distantly related species have structures that have the same function but are different in structure Ex: wing of butterfly & bird These “ work the same.” They have different bones but the same function.

How Anatomy supports Evolution 4. Vestigial structures Structures reduced in size & often unused Remains of functional structures inherited from an ancestor Ex: leg & hip bones in pythons & whales

How DNA Supports evolution 5. Molecular Evidence Also called biochemical evidence Compares biomolecules such as DNA or amino acid sequences between organisms Related organisms have more of the same molecules in common

So….. Where Do New Species Come From?

How do new species form? Geographic Isolation When members of a population are separated Ex: polar, grizzly, & black bears

2. Reproductive Isolation When members of a population can’t breed even though they live nearby Ex: different mating seasons or different mating calls

Different Types of Evolution Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Coevolution Adaptive radiation

Divergent Evolution -Isolated populations evolve independently Ex: polar & grizzly bears changed independently due to different habitats

Convergent Evolution -Unrelated species become more alike because they live in similar environments Ex: shark & dolphin

Coevolution -Species that interact closely adapt to one another Ex: Flowers & Pollinators (Birds, Bees and Butterflies too)

Adaptive Radiation Evolution of many diverse species from one common ancestor Ex: famous Galapagos finches discovered by Darwin

Questions?