Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

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Presentation transcript:

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Chapter 3 Hardware and Software 1

Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU): Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons Control unit: Sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity System unit: Houses the components responsible for processing (the CPU and memory) All other computer system devices: Are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit housing Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Processing Characteristics and Functions Clock speed: Series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time Often measured in: Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second Physical characteristics of the CPU Most CPUs are collections of digital circuits imprinted on silicon wafers, or chips, each no bigger than the tip of a pencil eraser Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU Storage capacity: Eight bits together form a byte (B) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Memory Characteristics and Functions (continued) Types of memory: Random access memory (RAM): Temporary and volatile Read-only memory (ROM): Nonvolatile Provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Multiprocessing Multiprocessing: Multicore microprocessor: Simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time Multicore microprocessor: Combines two or more independent processors into a single computer Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Multiprocessing (continued) Parallel computing: Simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster Grid computing: Use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices Compared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy Considerably slower than memory Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Access Methods Sequential access: Direct access: Data must be retrieved in the order in which it is stored Devices used called sequential access storage devices (SASDs) Direct access: Records can be retrieved in any order Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic tapes: Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data Magnetic disks: Direct-access storage device Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID): Method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data Virtual tape: Storage technology for less frequently needed data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Secondary Storage Devices (continued) Storage area network: Uses computer servers, distributed storage devices, and networks to tie everything together Optical discs: Common form of optical disc on which data cannot be modified once it has been recorded Digital video disc (DVD): Storage medium used to store software, video games, and movies Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Secondary Storage Devices (continued) Solid state secondary storage devices: Store data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media Have few moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drives Disadvantages of SSD: High cost per GB of data storage Lower capacity compared to current hard drives Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Input Devices Devices used to input general types of data: Personal computer input devices Speech recognition technology Digital cameras Touch-sensitive screens Optical data readers Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Pen input devices Magnetic stripe card Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Output Devices Display monitors: Used to display the output from the computer Plasma display: Uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of electrodes and neon and xenon gases that are electrically turned into plasma to emit light LCD displays: Flat displays that use liquid crystals Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs): Use a layer of organic material sandwiched between two conductors Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Output Devices (continued) Printers and plotters: Two main types of printers are laser printers and inkjet printers Plotters are a type of hard-copy output device used for general design work Digital audio player: Can store, organize, and play digital music files E-books: Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Computer System Types Computer systems: Can range from desktop (or smaller) portable computers to massive supercomputers that require housing in large rooms Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Computer System Types (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Computer System Types (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Portable Computers Handheld computers: Laptop computer: Single-user computers that provide ease of portability because of their small size Laptop computer: Personal computer designed for use by mobile users Notebook computers: Lightweight computer that weighs less than 5 pounds Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Portable Computers (continued) Netbook computer: The smallest, lightest, least expensive member of the laptop computer family Tablet computers: Portable, lightweight computers with no keyboard Smartphone: Combines the functionality of a mobile phone, camera, Web browser, e-mail tool, MP3 player, and other devices Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Nonportable Single-User Computers Thin client: Low-cost, centrally managed computer with no extra drives Desktop computers: Single-user computer systems that are highly versatile Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Nonportable Single-User Computers (continued) Nettop computer: Inexpensive desktop computer designed to be smaller, lighter, and consume much less power than a traditional desktop computer Workstations: More powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Multiple-User Computer Systems Server: Used by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications Blade server: Houses many computer motherboards The approach requires much less physical space than traditional server farms Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Multiple-User Computer Systems (continued) Mainframe computer: Large, powerful computer shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network Supercomputers: The most powerful computers with the fastest processing speed and highest performance Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Overview of Software Computer programs: Documentation: Sequences of instructions for the computer Documentation: Describes program functions to help the user operate the computer system Types of software: Systems software Application software Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Installing and Removing New Software Before you can use any type of software, it must be installed on a computer Software for personal computers typically comes on CDs or is downloaded from the Web Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Systems Software Includes: Operating systems Utility programs Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs Can control one computer or multiple computers, or Can allow multiple users to interact with one computer Combinations of OSs, computers, and users: Single computer with a single user Single computer with multiple users Multiple computers with multiple users Special-purpose computers Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Activities performed by the operating system: Perform common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Common hardware functions: Get input from keyboard or another input device Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) User interface and input/output management: User interface: Allows individuals to access and command the computer system Command-based user interface: Requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities Graphical user interface (GUI): Uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Hardware independence: Application program interface (API): Allows applications to make use of the operating system Memory management: Allows computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Processing tasks: Multitasking: More than one program can run at the same time Time-sharing: Allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Operating Systems (continued) Networking capability: Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources Access to system resources and security: Protection against unauthorized access OS establishes a logon procedure File management: Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Current Operating Systems Microsoft PC operating systems: Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Apple computer operating systems: Wintel Snow Leopard (OS X v10.6) Linux: Red Hat Linux Caldera OpenLinux Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Utility Programs Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system Some can help computer systems run better and longer without problems Can help to secure and safeguard data Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Application Software Application programs: Interact with systems software Help you perform common tasks, such as: Creating and formatting text documents Performing calculations Managing information Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Personal Application Software Word processing Spreadsheet analysis Database applications Graphics program Personal information managers Software suites and integrated software packages Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Mobile Application Software Operating systems designed for smartphones include: OS X iPhone, Android, and WebOS Tens of thousands of applications have been: Developed by third parties for the iPhone Palm WebOS: Has only recently released its software development kit Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: Set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Application Software for Information, Decision Support, and Specialized Purposes Available in every industry: Specialized application software for information, decision support, and other purposes Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Programming Languages Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements: By which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer Programming: Involves translating what a user wants to accomplish into instructions that the computer can understand and execute Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Summary Hardware: Green computing: Software: The physical components of a computer that perform the input, processing, storage, and output activities of the computer Green computing: Concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products Software: Consists of programs that control the workings of the computer hardware Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Summary (continued) Operating system (OS): Application software: Set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware to support users’ computing needs Manages tasks to allocate computer resources through multitasking and time-sharing Application software: Applies the power of the computer to solve problems and perform specific tasks Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition