The Republic of Ireland Chapter 7 society and culture

Content Geography History Government People Economy languages, Education, Religion

National Symbols of Ireland Green: Catholic Irishmen White: Protestant Irishmen Orange: friendship between Catholics and Protestants National Flag National Emblem Blue: Sea and Sky Angel Harp

ⅠGeography

1.1 Geographical Feature

1.1 Geographical Feature low central plains are surrounded by a ring of coastal mountains the west coast of Ireland consists mostly of cliffs, hills and low mountain ranges the longest river: the Shannon(香农河) the largest lough: Corrib (克里布湖) the highest peak: Carrantuohill (卡朗图厄尔山)

The Longest River in Ireland the Shannon River 香农河 370 kilometers

The Largest Lough: Corrib (克里布湖) 200 square kilometers

The Highest Peak: Carrantuohill (卡朗图厄尔山) some 1041 meters above sea level.

1.2 Climate The Republic of Ireland has a temperate maritime climate with excessive rainfall.

1.3 Major Cities Dublin, the capital of Ireland, the largest city in Ireland, the commmercial and industrial center of Ireland and the country's principal port.

1.3 Major Cities Cork, the second largest city in Ireland, "the rebel county" Galway, Limerick, Waterford

Ⅱ History England first invaded Ireland in 1171 The Act of Union《联合法案》was passed in 1800 Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in 1921 The Republic of Ireland was founded in 1949

2.1 Early History 7,000 BC, hunter-gathers 6th century BC, Celts 5th century BC, Erainn 4th century BC, Gaels 432, St. Patrick 9th century Vikings 17th century, English control 1800, Act of Union (联合法案)

2.2 Process toward Independence Easter Uprising of 1916 Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 Irish Civil War (1922-1923)

Sinn Fein Easter Uprising of 1916 Sinn Fein was founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffith. The party strongly opposed British rule and fought for self-government.

Easter Uprising of 1916 In 1916, the Irish rebelled against British rule on Easter. The actual revolt resulted in defeat, however, the rebels were regarded as heroes to the cause of Irish Freedom.

Irish War of Independence After the Easter Rebellion of 1916, Sinn Fein won majority seats allotted to Ireland in the British Parliament. In 1919, the Sinn Fein refused to take their seats in the British Parliament and proclaimed an independent Irish Republic. 1919-1921, Irish War of Independence was fought between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government.

The Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 26 counties in the south gained independence as Irish Free State. 6 counties in the north remained as part of the United Kingdom.

Irish Civil War The divergence between the pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions resulted in a bloody Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923). In 1932, Fianna Feil, organized by the anti-treaty forces under the leadership of Eamon de Valera gained control of the government. (The constitution of Ireland, the president, Prime Minister, the British Monarch)

2.3 Republic of Ireland In 1949, Ireland declared itself a republic, completely independent of Britain and no longer a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. 1950s-1960s, First Program for Economic Expansion (1958-1963) Serious problems became evident in Irish society in 1980 In 1985, Ireland signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement 《英爱协定》

2.4 Ireland since 1990 Mary Robinson, the most popular Predisent in Ireland to date. Albert Reynolds, Downing Street Declaration 1998, Belfast Agreement 1999, North-South Ministerial Council

Irish Republic Army a Rrepublican paramilitary orgnization, founded in 1919. in 2005, the IRA formally declared an end to its compaign against the British rule in Northern Ireland.

Ⅲ The Government Political system: 1) Representative democracy（代表民主制） 2) Republic (共和制)

Legislature Parliament 3.1 Government structure Legislature Parliament Judiciary The Executive   The PM Upper House   High Court The Deputy PM

3.1Parliament / Oireachtas --The Irish Parliament has the sole power of making laws for the State. --It consists of two houses (bicameral parliment )--- the House of Representatives and the Senate. --The Government is responsible to the House of Representatives.

3.1Parliament / Oireachtas The Lower House / the Dail---166 members elected by “proportional Representation” (比例代表选举制 ) The Upper House / the Senate The Senate has 60 members and enjoys fewer powers than the lower house 11 appointed by the prime minister 43 elected from five panels of candidates under different headings 3 by graduates of the University of Dublin 3 by graduates of the National University of Ireland

3.2 The Executive the head of the state (the President) the head of the government (the Prime Minister) the Cabinet ministers(coalitions)

The President Elected by the people Term in office- 7 yrs. Symbolic Head of State, no executive functions Appoints PM on nomination of Parliament But is “guardian” of constitution

Prime Minister or Taoiseach head of government appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of the government appointed by the president on the nomination（提名）of the parliament nominates the Deputy Prime Minister assigns areas of responsibility to members of government

3.3 The Judiciary Supreme Court High Court the Court of Criminal Appeal the Central Criminal Court Circuit courts (巡回法庭) district court

3.4 Political Parties Finna Fail (共和党) Fine Gael (统一党) The Labor Party （工党） The Progressive Democratic Party(进步民主党)

Ⅳ People The population is predominantly of Celtic origin with French, English, and more recently Chinese and Indian minorities. Emigration is the characteristic of the Irish

V Economy It has been an agricultural coutnry since the 1960s, manufacturing has occupied an increasingly important position (EEC/ EU) Mixed economy of both public and private enterprises. 1990s, "the Celtic tiger"

VI Languages two dominant official languages in Ireland, Gaelic (Irish) and English

VII Education Free public school system Well-known universities the University of Dublin National University of Ireland

VIII Religion 93% of the population is Roman Catholic 4% is Protestant

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