September 23rd and 24th Turn in HW and get papers off the bookshelf NO WARM-UP! Write homework in agenda

Agenda Essential Questions Egypt and Sumer Notes Go over Geography/Civilizations Quiz Pyramids Video Hammurabi’s Code

Essential Questions 1. What are the four river valley civilizations? 2. What form of writing was used in Egypt? 3. What was the main difference between the rulers of Egypt and Sumer? 4. What were two Sumerian inventions? 5. Why did Egyptians practice mummification and build pyramids?

River Valley Civilizations Egypt and Sumer

Location/Geography Sumer between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers plain area called Mesopotamia unpredictable floods limited natural resources Ancient Egypt along great Nile River called “Gift of the Nile” cataracts = rapids delta: broad, marshy triangular area with deposits of soil

Religion polytheistic: many gods, about 3,000 gods were all powerful and immortal, humans were servants souls of dead went to “land of no return” kings were gods pharaohs: god-kings polytheistic: about 2,000 Ra = sun Isis = ideal mother/wife Osiris = chose afterlife

Writing Epic of Gilgamesh epic myth about unsuccessful quest for immortality crude pictographs hieroglyphics (sacred carvings) wrote on dried papyrus

Government/Law city-states: each city and the surrounding land it controlled ziggurats at the center, where priests appealed to gods for well-being warriors had control of armies dynasties: when rules were from one family divided into Upper and Lower Egypt Menes united in 3000 B.C.E. theocracy: ruler is a divine figure pharaohs promoted truth and justice

Science/Technology invented wheel, sail, and plow first to use bronze first system of writing: cuneiform arches, number system base 60, geometry creation of pyramids from limestone/granite Mummification (to preserve the dead) written numbers medicine and surgery

Social Classes priests/kings were highest, then merchants, workers, slaves lowest women had some rights, not education royal families were highest, then government officials, priest and commanders below them were the merchants/artisans, and the unskilled laborers women equal to men

Intro to Out of Class Essays Writing Skills and Essay #1

Categorization Strategies When comparing and contrasting, consider using a few of these categories to help organize your essay and provide a solid comparison. Political Economic Social Cultural Intellectual Religious Geographic

Example Outlines Egypt and Sumer are similar politically, but more different in social and cultural ways. Political similarities Social differences Cultural differences Egypt and Sumer are different religiously, but more similar with respect to their geography and economy. Religious differences Geographic similarities Economic similarities

Essay Scoring Rubric Topic sentence – introduces the category or point; could be directly from introduction paragraph Clincher sentence – sums up what you just said and is the main point to take away from that paragraph Interpretive Commentary – analysis of your evidence and claim

Essay Scoring Rubric Each item listed is 1 point for a total of 18 points. 2 more points will come from having your name and the honor code initialed somewhere on your essay. Essays will typically be worth 40-50 points, this first one will only be 20 points.