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February 2016 © Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016 This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school. All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution. www.pixl.org.uk The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number 07321607

How to deliver the DDT Booster Administer the short diagnosis test. Mark the test. Work through the therapy slides completing the model questions and answers. Complete the question slides for students to self or peer assess. Administer the final test.

Conduction and convection Edexcel Additional – Electric Circuits P2.1 P2.2 – Static Electricity Model Questions In the example opposite, why is the glass rod positively charged. Explain why the balloon sticks to the wall. Model Answers The glass rod has lost negative electrons so it is left with an overall positive charge. 2. The balloon has negative charge. This pushes negative charge in the wall away, leaving the wall with a positive charge. Negative and positive attract. Static electricity is the build up of an electrical charge in an object. It's called "static" because the charges remain in one area for a while rather than "flowing" to another area. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk duster, electrons are transferred from the rod onto the duster, making the duster negatively charged. If two glass rods were held close to each other, they would repel. This is because like charges repel. A negatively charged balloon will stick to a wall even though the wall is initially Neutral in charge. CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

Conduction and convection Edexcel Additional – Electric Circuits P2.1 P2.2 – Static and its Uses Model Question A chimney in a factory uses a charged electrode to remove pollutants rising up the chimney. Describe how this works. Model Answer The smoke and particles of pollution are given an electrical charge as they enter the chimney. The electrode is given the opposite charge. The particles are attracted to the electrode and stick to it, removing the pollutants before they leave the chimney. Uses of static electricity. Car manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint cars. They give the paint an electrical charge and then spray a fine mist of paint into the booth. The charged paint particles are attracted to the car which is given an opposite charge. This is often called electrostatics. Static can also be dangerous as it causes a spark which can cause an explosion in a flammable atmosphere. Lightening is an enormous static spark! CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER http://www.hk-phy.org/iq/lightning/return_stroke_e.jpg P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

Conduction and convection Edexcel Additional – Electric Circuits P2.1 P2.2 – Volts Amps and Resistance Potential difference (PD). The PD between two points in an electric circuit is the work done when a Coulomb of charge passes between the points. Imagine it as the pushing force in a circuit. Measured in Volts (V). Current is the flow rate of charge. Measured in Amps (I). Resistance is anything which slows down the flow of current. Measured in Ohms (Ω). These three properties are linked by Ohms Law: V = IR Charge is already in the wires (carried by billions of tiny particles called electrons). This charge is evenly spread out through the wires. As soon as you close the switch, the cell starts to push on the charge. So all the charge starts moving at once. Charge is measured in Coulombs (Q). Model Questions What is the electrical charge of an electron? What is the relationship between current and charge. A current of 0.02A flows through a resistor when a PD of 50v is applied across it. Calculate the value of the resistor. Model Answers Negative. A current of 1A flows when a charge of 1 Coulomb flows for 1 second. V = I x R R = V 50 = 2500Ω I 0.02 CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

Conduction and convection Edexcel Additional – Electric Circuits P2.1 P2.2 –Electrical resistance Model Questions What is the resistance of a mains heater that draws a current of 4 Amps? What happens to the resistance of a light dependent resistor (LDR) when more light falls on it? Model Answers R = V = 230 = 57.5Ω A 4 The resistance decreases. Electrical resistance is anything which slows down or resists a flow of charge. For an Ohmic resistor, Voltage is directly proportional to current. If resistance changes, for example if a component gets hot, then the shape of a resistance graph will change. Resistance is found by dividing the potential difference by the current. CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

Conduction and convection Edexcel Additional – Electric Circuits P2.1 P2.2 –Series and parallel circuits Model Questions Which type of circuit do you think is used for lighting in the home? In the series circuit opposite, the battery is supplying 12V. What will the voltage across the right hand lamp be? In the parallel circuit the total current flowing is 5A. What current will be flowing through the right hand lamp? Model Answers Parallel circuit. 6V. 2.5A All circuits are either series or parallel Series: all the current passes through each bulb. If one bulb blows they all go out. Current is the same at every point. Voltage is split between the resistors. Parallel: the current divides into each branch in the circuit. The current in each branch adds up to the total current. If one bulb blows the others stay on. Voltage is the same across each component and is the same as the voltage supplied by the battery. CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

Conduction and convection Edexcel Additional – Electric Circuits P2.1 P2.2 –Energy and Power Model Questions Calculate the current flowing through a 100W mains lamp. How much electrical energy does a 2kW kettle use in 1 minute? A 9.2v mobile phone uses a current of 0.003A. If it is left switched on for 10 minutes, how much energy will it have used? Model Answers P = V x A A = P = 100 = 0.43A V 230 2kW = 2000W = 2000J/s x 60 = 120kJ E = V x A X t E = 9.2 x 0.003 x (10 x 60) = 16.6J Electrical Power is how quickly electrical energy is used. A 60 W bulb transfers 60J of energy per second. Power is measured in Watts Power is calculated using: Power = Volts x Amps The amount of energy used by the bulb depends on how long it is left on for. Energy = Volts x Amps x time(s) When a large current flows through the filament of a bulb, the electrons collide with the metal ions and transfer their kinetic energy into heat in the bulb. CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/5/6/1/4/519fcd42ce395f804c000000.gif P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

P2.1 P2.2 Electric Circuits - Questions Describe two ways you could reduce the current flowing through a series circuit. If you rub a plastic pen on your shirt, it becomes negatively charged. Why does this happen? If the voltage across a resistor is doubled, what would be the effect on the current flowing through it? What is the current flowing through a 6v torch bulb with a rating of 12W? A mains heater draws a current of 12A. Calculate the resistance of the heater.

P2.1 P2.2 Electric Circuits - Answers Describe two ways you could reduce the current flowing through a series circuit. Reduce the voltage, add another resistor. If you rub a plastic pen on your shirt, it becomes negatively charged. Why does this happen? The pen picks up electrons which have a negative charge. If the voltage across a resistor is doubled, what would be the effect on the current flowing through it? It too would double. What is the current flowing through a 6v torch bulb with a rating of 1.2W? P = V x A A = P = 1.2 = 0.2A V 6 5. A mains heater draws a current of 12A. Calculate the resistance of the heater. Mains = 230V R = V/I = 230/12 = 19.2Ω

Final test DTT Booster Students now complete the final test. Compare this to what they achieved in the diagnostic test.