St. Thomas Aquinas Ronald F. White, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy

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Presentation transcript:

St. Thomas Aquinas Ronald F. White, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy College of Mount St. Joseph

Biographical 1225-1274 Roccasecca (castle), Italy Montecassino (monastery) University of Naples (Dominicans) Later Paris Lived most of his life in Italy

Philosophy v. Theology “… the believer and the philosopher consider creatures differently. The philosopher considers what belongs to their proper natures, while the believer considers only what is true of creatures insofar as they are related to God, for example, that they are created by God and are subject to him, and the like.” (Summa contra gentiles,bk II, chap. 4)

Philosophical Orientation Philosophy is public what everyone knows by rational reflection. Knowledge of the World-defensible knowledge claims The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle Integrated Roman Catholic theology with Aristotelian philosophy. (Faith-Reason) Metaphysics Form and Matter Potentiality and Actuality Natural Purposefulness Soul as Animation Theoretical and Practiical Problem: Aristotle was (at best) indifferent to a theistic God. Deism Polytheism Ethics: Natural Law

Theological Orientation Known by Divine Revelation Roman Catholic Theism Soul will be re-united with the Body Subsistence v. substance

Souls Human Soul Animal Soul Plant Soul Thinking (eternal) immaterial Perception motion Plant Soul nutrition

Rationality of Belief in God Knowledge of God’s “existence” v. “essence” Ontological v. Cosmological Proof 5 ways of “knowing” God (from Aristotle and Plato) 1. Motion 2. Causation 3. Existence 4. Degrees of Perfection 5. Design

Issues for Philosophy of Mind Philosophy v. Theology: Vitalism: The Belief that there is a “vital” difference between living and non-living things. Anthropocentrism: The belief that humans possess a distinctive kind of soul that elevates us above other living things (plants and animals). Immortality: The belief that the soul is immortal and “subsists” independent of body. God as Creator God as Organizer Rationality of the Belief in God (Faith-Reason): Ontological Proof Cosmological Proof