AP European History Review Session #1 the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Age of Exploration

Overview the Middle Ages – what were they really like? the Birth of the Modern World –the Renaissance and the widespread use of the printing press –the rise of the nation state –the Reformation –discovery of the New World

the Middle Ages characteristics were they really “ dark ” ? important pre-Renaissance artists –Dante –Giotto

the Renaissance where and why did it begin? how was Renaissance art and thought similar to the works of the Middle Ages? How were they different? Italian Renaissance –Early Renaissance ( ) –High Renaissance ( ) –Late Renaissance/Mannerism ( ) Northern Renaissance (Holland and Flanders) –why did it spread? the PRINTING PRESS –features/differences from Italian Renaissance –Christian Humanism and Mysticism

Elements of Renaissance Art individualism anatomy perspective humanism classicism youth learning and reason nature

the Renaissance Key People (not a comprehensive list) Artists –Raphael –Leonardo –Botticelli –Michelangelo Authors –Petrarch –Boccaccio –Castiglione –Machiavelli Northern Renaissance –Erasmus –Shakespeare –Dürer –van Eyck

the Rise of Nation States which nation states began to form during this period? Why them, why not others? Spain –Ferdinand and Isabelle –1492 –colonization (more in a minute) France –end of the Hundred Years War  nationalism and economic prosperity –key figures: Francis I, Henri IV, Richelieu, Louis XIII, Mazarin and Louis XIV England –Wars of the Roses –Tudor Dynasty – Henry VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I how did the growth of these nation states effect Europe? the rest of the world?

the Reformation Causes corruption of the Church: simony, indulgences, etc. impact of Humanism decline of prestige for the Papacy impact of earlier religious reformer (Wycliffe, Hus) increasing power/desire for power of secular rulers invention of the PRINTING PRESS

the Reformation Key People/Events Tetzel Luther –95 Theses (1517) –tenets –protection by Frederick the Wise –Diet of Worms (1521) Peasants War ( ) Anglican Church (created 1534) and the abolition of the monasteries Calvin – predestination and church government –Huguenots (French Calvinists) –Presbyterians (Scottish Calvinists) –Puritans (English Calvinists)

the Counter Reformation Key People/Events St. Ignatius Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (1540) Spanish and Italian Inquisitions Index of Prohibited Books (1542) Council of Trent ( ) –faith and works –transubstantiation –Bible and the traditions of the Church Peace of Augsburg (1555) – Cuius regio, eius religio

Results of the Reformation 1.split of western Christendom (north and south) 2.Protestant work ethic  America 3.increased nationalism – loyalty to national churches 4.Age of Religious Wars 1.Peasants War ( ) 2.Spain vs. England (key date: 1588) 3.French Wars of Religion ( ) – Edict of Nantes 4.Dutch Revolt a.k.a. The Eighty Years War ( ) 5.The Thirty Years War ( ) 1.phases (Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French) 2.the Peace of Westphalia 3.Results

the Age of Exploration causes of exploration? causes of colonization? are they different? factors that facilitated exploration and colonization? in other words, why didn ’ t it happen until the late 1400s… key people/events results of colonization? more to come next time…