Classical Empires Han Dynasty, Roman Empire and Guptan and Mauryan Empire Characteristics of Empires Greek, Roman and Chinese Traditions Han and Roman Empires Reasons for Decline

THE CLASSICAL Empires (1000 BCE CE) During this era, world history was shaped by the rise of several large civilizations that grew from areas where the earlier civilizations thrived. 1.kept more accurate records, so historical information about them is much more abundant 2.provide many direct links to today's world, so that we may refer to them as root societies—ones that modern societies have grown from 3.expansionist—deliberately conquering lands around them to create large empires

Common Features of Classical Empires Patriarchal family structures Agricultural-based economies Complex governments Expanding trade base

Greco-Roman Traditions Active participation in politics –Greek city-state, Roman republic Aristocracy –Republic –“philosopher kings” Rule by law –codified, movement towards equitable law Polytheism (though Christianity makes extensive gains during the late Roman Empire) Slave Labor

East Asian Traditions Ancestor Worship Dynastic Cycle (will be discussed later) Legalism and Confucianism –Reinforced social hierarchy and male dominance Meritocracy –Established by Qin; merit (hard work) enabled (limited) upward social mobility

Han and Roman Empire Similarities Highly stratified societies Patriarchal families —Confucianism, pater familias Agricultural base —free peasants-small farms or tenant farmers, heavy dependency on slavery and latifundias (estates) Educated civil service —Confucian trained scholar bureaucrats, civic responsibility Highly centralized state

Han and Roman continued Multicultural empires —most conquered assimilated, citizenship offered to best, extension of Roman law Extensive road systems and urban communities Subordinated women Powerful armies maintain the empire

Direct Comparisons 1. Rome 1.Well organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and classical learning 2.Emphasis on family: pater familias 3.Reliance on patricians: women gained power and property rights within families 4.Engineering: roads, aqueducts, amphitheatres, domes, sewage systems, central heating 5.Inventions: concrete, the arch (probably Etruscan), insulae (apartment buildings) 6.Religion: Emperor as god, paganism, mystery religions, introduction of Christianity 1. Han 1.Well organized bureaucracy founded on Confucian ideals and education 2.Emphasis on family, ancestors: patriarchal 3.Reliance on gentry as support: good marriages afforded women more rights 4.Engineering: roads, canals, the Great Wall 5.Inventions: wheelbarrow, gunpowder, printing press, compass, paper, paper currency (all before 1000 ce) 6.Religion: Confucianism, Daoism, native gods, introduction of Buddhism

Decline of Empires Han and Roman

Decline Empires too big —costly to defend the frontiers Burden of taxes on the poor, –some flee to evade taxes, as maintaining the empire grows more costly –taxes go up, few new sources of revenue, religious groups and nobility exempt Slavery in Rome (supply and demand???) –Hurts working class Romans –Oppressive  less productive, –fewer new sources, –less technological development

Decline (Continued) Administrative problems  succession —corruption, weak emperors  failing bureaucracies —corruption of examination system, lack of civic responsibility  In Rome —bread and circuses to forestall revolts Eroding economies —decline in trade when roads not repaired or safe

Decline (Continued) Religion —Christianity a factor in Rome, but Buddhism is not PlaguesPlagues—hit both hard, especially in cities of Roman empire Pressure from nomadsPressure from nomads —Huns, Xiongnu, Germanic

Dynastic Cycle in China New dynasty comes to power Emperor reforms government and makes more efficient Lives of common people improved, taxes reduced, farming encouraged Problems begin (wars, invasions, drought etc Taxes increase, men forced to work for army, farming neglected. Gov’t increases spending, corruption ensues Droughts, floods, famine, continued war etc strains dynasty Poor lose respect for gov’t, join rebels, attack landlords Rebel unite under strong leader and attack emperor Start:

Why did the west fall harder? Han Chinese more multiethnicHan Chinese more multiethnic —a true nation that can endure beyond the dynasty; In Roman empire most live outside Italy State and society not bound together with the same glue — In China, Confucianism offers both order for family, society and state —not true of Romans Rome employed a mercenary army- loyalty issues! Better assimilation of “barbarians” by China, Germanic tribes dismembered Roman empire, while nomads absorbed by ChineseGermanic tribes dismembered Roman empire Common language —Roman (vulgate Latin) never replaced Greek in much of the empire Dynastic Cycles

Why western Roman empire and not eastern? Deep, engrained civilization in the east —Greeks and before East less impacted by nomadic invasion —maybe because many enduring cities, large populations Tribes on eastern borders were disorganized and unmotivated After separation of empire, east no longer has to send any help to West When west cut from wealth of East, the tax base dwindled