Chapter 4 Section 4.2 & 4.3 By Crystal Majsterski Carol Tan Greg Boecker

Summarizing 4 Carbon and the Molecular diversity of life In sections 4.2 through 4.3 it discusses carbon and the molecular diversity of life through the formation of bonds with carbon, molecular diversity arising from carbon skeleton variation, functional groups most important in chemistry of life and an important source of energy for cellular process. In the formation of bonds with carbon, it is expressed CO2 which is very important; it is the source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms. In molecular diversity arising from carbon skeleton variation, hydrocarbons are an organic molecule. An example of a hydrocarbon is fat, which does not dissolve in water, because it is hydrophobic. There are three main isomers that make up the variation of architecture of organic molecules. In functional groups most important in chemistry of life, distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend not only on the arrangement of its carbon skeleton but also the molecular components attached to that skeleton. Each functional group reacts consistently from one organic molecule to another and the number and arrangement. In an important source of energy for cellular process, ATP; adenosine triphosphate, is known to be the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell.

Clarifying In isomers, how can molecules have the same number of atoms of the same elements but hold different properties? The unique properties depend on the structure of the molecule. The carbon skeletons have varied arrangements and give the molecules different functions. With structural isomers, covalent bonds are arranged differently. Geometric isomers don’t have the same shape and different atoms can join the bonds. Enantiomers are mirror images of each other, but one of them can be inactive How do functional groups affect molecules? Functional groups can attach to hydrocarbons or replace hydrogen bonds. Each group is different and gives the molecule a specific property. The six groups are: hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. By looking at Figure 4.10 our group was better able to understand the different characteristics that the functional groups have and how they affect a molecule.

Questioning 1.Describe the process in which carbon will complete its valence shell 2.Diagram the bond angles of methane and any other group of molecules with 4-single bonds on carbon. Methane: CH4 3.Evaluate why the carbon atom seems to bond most frequently with elements: oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen 4.What are the 6 functional groups most important to the chemistry of life? 5.Where can we derive biology’s diversity? 6.Compare the loss of one Phosphate in ATP to the functioning of a cell.

Predictions In chapter 7 & 9 we will see ATP (adenosine triphosphate) In chapter 17 we will see functional groups In chapter 7 & 41 we will see carbohydrates In chapter 26 we will see organic compounds I predict the next chapter will contain macromolecules In chapter 9 we will see electron configuration In chapter 41 we will see carbon skeleton