3 Recognizing and Identifying the Hazards

Objectives (1 of 5) Describe occupancies that may contain hazardous materials. Understand how to use senses to detect the presence of hazardous materials. Describe specific container shapes/types that may indicate hazardous materials. 3

Objectives (2 of 5) Describe shipping and storage tanks that could hold hazardous materials. Describe apparatuses that can transport hazardous materials. Identify product, owner, and emergency telephone number on a pipeline marker. 3

Objectives (3 of 5) Describe how to identify a placard, label, and marking. Describe the NFPA 704 hazard identification system. Describe how to use the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). 3

Objectives (4 of 5) Describe how to use the Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials. Describe material safety data sheets (MSDS) and shipping papers. Describe CHEMTREC and the National Response Center. 3

Objectives (5 of 5) Describe how to identify criminal or terrorist activity involving chemical, biological, or radiological agents. Describe how to identify an illicit laboratory, as well as explosive and secondary devices. 3

Scene Size-Up “Read” the scene. Truly understand what you see. Think before you act. 3

Recognizing a Hazardous Materials/WMD Incident Different from other types of emergencies –Moves more slowly –Chemicals or materials largely dictate actions –Responders must be conscious of the law enforcement aspect of the incident 3

Occupancy and Location Indicate possible presence of hazardous material Materials at location may already be known Locate key safety personnel from facility 3

Senses Initially, stay distant from incident. Look. Listen. Do not “lead with your nose.” 3

Containers Vessels or receptacles that hold material Provide clues about the substance inside 3

Drums (1 of 2) Barrel-like nonbulk storage vessels Store a wide variety of substances 55-gallon capacity is common Cardboard, polyethylene, stainless steel, other materials 3

Drums (2 of 2) The drum shown here is made of polyethylene. 3

Dewar Containers (1 of 2) Hold cold liquids Designed to preserve temperature of liquid 3

Dewar Containers (2 of 2) A series of Dewar containers stored adjacent to a compressed gas cylinder. 3

Bulk Storage Containers Over 119 gallons (liquid) More than 882 pounds (bulk) Include: –Fixed tanks –Highway cargo tanks –Rail tank cars –Totes 3

Secondary Containment Helps contain spilled or released product 3

Large-Volume Horizontal Tanks Above-ground storage tanks (ASTs) Underground storage tanks (USTs) May contain millions of gallons 3

Totes (1 of 2) Intermediate bulk container (IBC ) Capacity from 119 to 703 gallons Hazardous to ship and store 3

Totes (2 of 2) A tote is a commonly encountered bulk storage vessel. 3

Intermodal Tanks (1 of 5) For both shipping and storage Hold between 5000 and 6000 gallons Pressurized or nonpressurized Can contain liquefied gases (cryogenic liquids) 3

Intermodal Tanks (2 of 5) IM-101 portable tank (IMO type 1 internationally). 3

IM-102 portable tank (IMO type 2 internationally). Intermodal Tanks (3 of 5) 3

Intermodal Tanks (4 of 5) Pressure intermodal tank (IMO type 5 internationally). 3

Other types of IM tanks –Cryogenic intermodal tanks (IMO type 7 internationally) –Tube modules Intermodal Tanks (5 of 5) 3

Nonbulk Storage Vessels (1 of 6) Contain up to 119 gallons Include: –Drums –Bags –Compressed gas cylinders –Cryogenic containers 3

A bung wrench is used to operate the openings on the top of a closed-head drum. Nonbulk Storage Vessels (2 of 6) 3

Nonbulk Storage Vessels (3 of 6) An open-head drum has a lid that is fastened with a ring that is tightened with a clasp or a nut-and-bolt assembly. 3

Nonbulk Storage Vessels (4 of 6) A pesticide bag must be labeled with the appropriate information. 3

Nonbulk Storage Vessels (5 of 6) A carboy is used to transport and store corrosive chemicals. 3

Nonbulk Storage Vessels (6 of 6) A small cryogenic Dewar container. 3

Transporting Hazardous Materials Air, sea, and land Most common method is by roadway A cargo tank is: –Bulk packaging attached to/part of a vehicle –Separate from vehicle, but unloaded without being removed from vehicle 3

MC-306/DOT 406 Flammable Liquid Tanker (1 of 2) Liquid food-grade products Gasoline Other flammable and combustible liquids 6000 to 10,000 gallons Nonpressurized Remote emergency shut-off valves 3

MC-306/DOT 406 Flammable Liquid Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-306/DOT 406 flammable liquid tanker typically hauls flammable and combustible liquids. 3

MC-307/DOT 407 Chemical Hauler (1 of 2) Flammable liquids Mild corrosives Poisons 6000 to 7000 gallons 3

MC-307/DOT 407 Chemical Hauler (2 of 2) The MC-307/DOT 407 chemical hauler carries flammable liquids, mild corrosives, and poisons. 3

MC-312/DOT 412 Corrosives Tanker (1 of 2) Smaller diameter than MC-306/DOT 406 or MC-307/DOT 407 Capacity of approximately 6000 gallons Carries corrosives, such as: –Concentrated sulfuric acid –Phosphoric acid –Sodium hydroxide 3

MC-312/DOT 412 Corrosives Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-312/DOT 412 corrosives tanker is commonly used to carry corrosives such as concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide. 3

MC-331 Pressure Cargo Tanker (1 of 2) Carries materials such as ammonia, propane, Freon, and butane 1000 to 11,000 gallons Explosion threat exists –Spring-loaded relief valves unable to keep up with rapidly building internal pressure 3

MC-331 Pressure Cargo Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-331 pressure cargo tanker carries materials such as ammonia, propane, Freon, and butane. 3

MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker (1 of 2) Maintains low temperatures for cryogens Vents puffs of white vapor (normal) Explosion hazard with incorrect valve operation 3

MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-338 cryogenic tanker maintains the low temperatures required for the cryogens it carries. 3

Tube Trailer (1 of 2) Compressed gases, such as: –Hydrogen –Oxygen –Helium –Methane 3

Tube Trailer (2 of 2) A tube trailer is made up of several individual cylinders banded together and affixed to a trailer. 3

Dry Bulk Cargo Tank (1 of 2) Powders Pellets Fertilizers Grain 3

Dry Bulk Cargo Tank (2 of 2) A dry bulk cargo tank carries dry goods. 3

Railroad Transportation Relatively few hazardous materials incidents But can cause large-scale emergencies Get information on contents from conductor/engineer or from tank labels 3

Nonpressurized (General-Service) Rail Tank Car (1 of 2) General industrial chemicals –Corn syrup –Flammable and combustible liquids –Mild corrosives 4000 to 40,000 gallons 3

Nonpressurized (General-Service) Rail Tank Car (2 of 2) A nonpressurized rail tank has visible valves and piping. 3

Pressurized Rail Tank Car (1 of 2) Carries pressurized industrial chemicals –Propane –Ammonia –Ethylene oxide –Chlorine Potential for high-pressure leaks 3

Pressurized Rail Tank Car (2 of 2) Pressurized rail tank cars have top mounted fittings for loading and unloading. 3

Special-Use Rail Tank Car (1 of 2) Hazard will be unique to the particular railcar and its contents –Boxcar –Flat car –Cryogenic tank car –Corrosive tank car 3

Special-Use Rail Tank Car (2 of 2) Special-use rail tank cars include boxcars, flat cars, cryogenic and corrosive tank cars. Tube cars are no longer in service. 3

Pipelines (1 of 2) Rarely involved in emergencies Pipeline emergencies are complicated, require specially trained responders Transport natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel Pipeline right-of-way maintained by owners 3

A pipeline warning sign provides information about the pipe’s contents, the owner’s name, and contact information. Pipelines (2 of 2) 3

Department of Transportation (DOT) Marking System (1 of 2) Required, depending on substance being transported and quantity: –Placards (10 ¾″ diamond-shaped) –Labels (4″ diamond-shaped) –Markings 3

Department of Transportation (DOT) Marking System (2 of 2) The DOT uses labels, placards, and markings (such as these found in the ERG) to give responders a general idea of the hazard inside a particular container or cargo tank. 3

NFPA 704 Marking System (1 of 2) Diamond-shaped (any size) Blue diamond = health hazard Red diamond = flammability Yellow diamond = reactivity White diamond = special information 3

NFPA 704 Marking System (2 of 2) The NFPA 704 hazard identification system is designed for fixed- facility use. Each color used in the diamond represents a particular property or characteristic. 3

Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) (1 of 2) Helps employers comply with OSHA Hazard Communication Standard Voluntary labeling system Meant for employees at a facility –Gives necessary information to work safely around chemicals 3

Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) (2 of 2) The HMIS uses a numerical hazard rating, colored horizontal columns, letters, and icons to describe the hazards posed by a particular substance and provide guidance about choosing PPE. 3

Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (1 of 3) Marking system of U.S. military Division 1: Mass detonation hazards Division 2: Explosion-with-fragment hazards Division 3: Mass fire hazards Division 4: Moderate fire hazards 3

Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (2 of 3) A. Mass detonation hazards. B. Explosion-with-fragment hazards. C. Mass fire hazards. D. Moderate fire hazards. 3 A.B. C. D.

Pictograms identify specific PPE. Colors depict chemical hazards. –Red: Toxic agents –Yellow: Harassing agents –White: White phosphorous Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (3 of 3) 3

Chemical References Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials 3

Emergency Response Guidebook (1 of 3) Information on about 4000 chemicals Not for long-term action plans Inappropriate after first 15 minutes 3

Emergency Response Guidebook (2 of 3) Organized into four colored sections –Yellow: Chemicals listed by UN/ID number –Blue: Chemicals listed alphabetically by name –Orange: Hazard class, fire/explosion hazards, health hazards, basic emergency actions –Green: Initial isolation distances 3

Emergency Response Guidebook (3 of 3) 3 The orange section of the ERG.

Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials (1 of 2) Information on about 13,000 chemicals First responders are primary audience 3

Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials (2 of 2) 3

Other Reference Sources (1 of 6) Material safety data sheets (MSDS) –Chemical makeup, potential hazards, first aid in the event of exposure Shipping papers –Names, addresses of shipper and recipient –Quantity of chemical, weight of shipment 3

Other Reference Sources (2 of 6) A bill of lading or freight bill: Shipping papers for road and highway transportation, located in the cab of the vehicle. 3

Other Reference Sources (3 of 6) A waybill (pictured): Shipping papers for railroad transportation. A consist is a list of the contents of every car on the train. 3

Other Reference Sources (4 of 6) A dangerous cargo manifest: Shipping papers on a marine vessel, kept in the custody of the captain or master. 3

Other Reference Sources (5 of 6) An air bill: Shipping paper for air transport, kept in the cockpit. 3

Other Reference Sources (6 of 6) CHEMTREC (Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) CANUTEC (Canadian Transport Emergency Centre) SETIQ (Emergency Transportation System for the Chemical Industry, Mexico) 3

National Response Center (NRC) Notify the NRC of significant hazardous materials incidents. Operated by the U.S. Coast Guard NRC alerts the appropriate state/federal agencies

Responders should be familiar with the locations of potential targets in their area. –Infrastructure targets –Symbolic targets –Civilian targets Potential Terrorist Incidents (1 of 2) 3

Potential Terrorist Incidents (2 of 2) Chemical agents Biological agents Radiological agents Illicit laboratories Explosives Secondary devices 3

Chemical and Biological Agents Chemical agent clues may include –Rubber gloves, glass containers, residual chemicals, odor, dead insects or foliage Biological agent clues may include –Lab equipment, reference manuals Personnel may show signs of exposure. 3

Radiological Agents (1 of 3) Clues may include –Stainless steel containers, detonators, radiological protective suits, Geiger counters Personnel may exhibit exposure symptoms such as burns or difficulty breathing. 3

Radiological Agents (2 of 3) Radioactive shipment labels. A. White I label. B. Yellow II label. C. Yellow III label. 3 A.B.C.

Radioactive packaging. A. Type A package. B. Type B package. C. Type C package. Radiological Agents (3 of 3) 3 A.B.C.

Illicit Laboratories Clues may include –Terrorist training manuals, basement location with multiple vents, obscured windows Drug laboratories are most common. –Use everyday items such as jars, bottles, glass cookware, tubing 3

Explosives Clues may include –Protective equipment, production and containment materials, explosive materials, reference materials 3

Secondary Devices Explosive or incendiary devices designed to harm responders at incident scene –As responders treat victims of the initial attack Clues may include –Timers, wires, switches, concealment containers, backpacks, propane tanks 3

Summary (1 of 2) Interpret visual clues to mitigate incident Recognize container profiles and materials that may be stored inside each type. Name, understand, locate shipping papers Be familiar with all types of chemical transport vehicles. 3

Summary (2 of 2) Understand DOT, NFPA, HMIS, and military marking systems. Demonstrate proficiency using the ERG. Know how to get MSDS documentation. Become familiar with potential terrorist targets, specific hazards, and indicators. 3