EXAMPLE- Another recent example of this comes from the film Frozen. Disney animators turned to simulation-based engineering, the same computer simulations used to predict the effects of building explosions, In order to get the realistic snow in the film. Called Material Point Method, the simulations were developed by researchers at the University of Missouri using a $400,000, five-year CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation. In “Frozen,” the simulations were used to add realism to snowball collisions and the snowy backdrops. EXAPMLE- 3D model for a strand of curly hair. Animated characters had curly hair in the past — Merida in Disney/Pixar’s “Brave” comes to mind. But even Merida’s hair, which was generated using a simulator named Taz, wasn’t true to form. Instead, Taz simulated individual coils around computer-generated cylinders for Merida’s hair. Pixar’s Influence- From its earliest days as a hardware developer, the company’s technology has been inextricably intertwined with the development of the computer graphics industry. RENDERMAN- Its early short films, like Luxo Jr, and its debut feature film, Toy Story, introduced the world to RenderMan, now the industry-standard software for rendering (the process of generating finished two-dimensional images from the geometry, surfacing and lighting data used to create a three-dimensional animation). Pixar’s subsequent films act like a timeline of technological developments in computer graphics. Building on the work of other researchers; 2001’s Monsters, Inc. introduced the on-screen representation of fur. Two years later, Finding Nemo pioneered new techniques in digital lighting, which were used to create realistic-looking water. The Incredibles and Ratatouille brought with them believable human characters, and advances in the simulation of crowds and fluids. 2009’s Up came along the advances were confined to the improved simulation of balloons and feathers. 2012's Brave introduced us to an algorithm which produces realistic vegetation and forestry; while one of Pixar's latest film, Monsters University, re- designed the way lighting and shadow is used at the studio. EXAMPLE- The Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) is a proprietary collection of software, scanning camera systems, servers, networked computer workstations, and custom desks developed by The Walt Disney Company together with Pixar in the late-1980s. Its purpose was to computerize the ink and paint and post-production processes of traditionally animated feature films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. EXAMPLE- Hyperion, works its movie magic. The software revolves around "path tracing," an advanced ray tracing technique that calculates light's path as it bounces off objects in a scene to create a real feel (verisimilitude) to the scene. MAYA- Maya has been used to create graphics for many cinematic films with Pixar's Renderman, including the Academy Award winners, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, Up and Frozen. It is also used to create visual effects for television programs like Once Upon a Time.