Nanotechnology Group Group 2

Nanotechnology….? Nanotechnology is engineering at the molecular (groups of atoms) level It is the collective term for a range of technologies, techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest scale (from 1 to 100 nm2) With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest nanomechanical devices ever modeled

Nanotechnology: Size and Scale Atoms Plant and Animal Cells Most Bacteria Virus Proteins Lysozyme Carbon Nano-tubes Transistor 0.18µm 100µm Human Hair 75 µm 10µm 1µm Feature Size 100nm Nanotechnology 10nm 1nm 0.1nm Cooper, 2001

History of nanotechnology Norio Taniguchi introduced the term ‘nanotechnology’ In 1959 Richrad Feynman presented ideas for creating Nano scale machines 1980s, development in this field was greatly enhanced with advances in electron microscopy

Approaches in nanotechnology Top-down Approach Bottom-up Approach Creating Nano-scale materials by physically or chemically breaking down larger materials Assembling Nano materials atom-by-atom or molecule-by molecule (self assembling)

Aspects of nanotechnology Three distinct aspects Direct Application of novel, Nano engineered artifacts Ex : Electronic & photonic circuits Indirect Progressive miniaturization of existing technologies Ex : Nano bots, cosmetics Conceptual All materials & processes are considered from a molecular viewpoint Ex : Universal manufacturing model

Nano materials Nano powders - building blocks of nano materials (particles less than 100 nm in size) The scale of nanopowders Nanoparticles of gold for new catalysts Porous metallic ‘nanocubes’ store large amounts of H2 www.cordis.lu/nanotechnology

Carbon nanotubes Nano membrane filtration systems (sensors, fuel cells, computers and televisions) Nano membrane filtration systems (safe, clean, affordable water)

Molecular electronic ‘cross bar latches’ (tiny Nano devices) Quantum dots and artificial atoms (small devices that contain a tiny droplet of free electrons)

Nanotechnology applications Medicine Ex. Nano biotechnology Energy ex. Renewable energy Electronics and information technologies

Chemistry and Environment Consumer goods Military and security applications

Stages of Nanotechnology Agrifood applicatinos currently in passive to early “active” stage Passive Nanostructures Coatings, polymers,ceramics Active Nanostructures Transistors Targeted drugs Adaptive structures Systems of Nanosystems Robotics 3D networks Guided assemblers Molecular Nanosystems Molecules by design Evolutionary systems 2001 2005 2010 2020

Nanotechnology in Agriculture Animal or Plant Health Ex: Detect pathogens Plant production Ex: Delivery of DNA to plants Animal Production Ex: Nano tube sensors to detect hormone level changes

Convergence Nano-Geo-(Bio)-Info technology Agrochemical Ex: Nanoparticles in pesticides In food industry Sensing Ex: Detect chemicals or food borne pathogen Convergence Nano-Geo-(Bio)-Info technology Packaging Ex: Prevent or respond to spoilage Safety

Nanotechnology in SL; At a glance…… 2006 - Sri Lanka’s National Nanotechnology Initiative (SLNNI) 2008  Establishment of NANCO (Pvt) Ltd Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (Pvt) Ltd. (SLINTEC) Merger of NANCO (Pvt) Ltd. and SLINTEC (Pvt) Ltd. Establishment of A world class Nanotechnology Laboratory Establishment of a Nanoscience Park

Health and environmental impacts Health risks Medical application of nanoparticles ex: enhance drug delivery Some nanoparticles —freely mobile Negative health and environmental impacts

From today to tomorrow….. USA - Highest investor & patent holder In 2004 US$ 4 billion worldwide 11 percent of jobs globally From today to tomorrow….. By 2015 US$ 3.1 trillion Leading countries Japan, Western Europe Source: Lux Research 2008

References…….. Chen et al.,2007. Manufacturing at the Nanoscale. National Nanotechnology Initiative Workshop Report. Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology. National Science Foundation. Retrieved March 3, 2012, from http://www.nano.gov/NNI-Manufacturing-at-the-Nanoscale.pdf. Hood, E. 2004. Nanotechnology : Looking as we leap. Environment Health Perspect. Retrieved March 3, 2012 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.112-9740

National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) US Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2009. Nanotechnology for Food and Agriculture Industry. Retrieved March 5, 2012 from http://www.google.lk/#hl=en&output=search&sclient=psy-ab&q=Nanotechnology. Interfaculty Environmental Science Department (IVAM) of the University of Amsterdam, Special report 3/30, Buying the nano-market. Retrived March 9 2012, from http://www.google.lk/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=Lux+Research.+2008.