Populations: Type III Survivorship Curve L x = Proportion of Original Population Alive at Age X (Graphically, converted to Common Logarithm)

Beeplant (Cleome) 11 Fig in Molles 2013 Populations: Type III Survivorship Curve

Dall Sheep

Populations: Type I Survivorship Curve 12 Fig in Molles 2013

Fig in Molles 2013 Populations: Type I Survivorship Curve

American Robin

9 10Fig in Molles 2008 Populations: Type II Survivorship Curve

Fig in Molles 2013 Populations: Type II Survivorship Curve

Populations: Patterns of Survivorships Fig in Molles 2008

Humans

Fig. 9.4 in Cain 2008 Survivorship Curves for Humans

12 Fig in Molles 2013 Characterizing Survivorship: How?

Characterizing Survivorship I: Cohort Life Table Analysis Cohort: All individuals born at the same time

Cohort Lifetable: Monitor all individuals born in a given year until their death Age (Years)Number of Survivors 0-11, Cohort: A group of individuals of the same age

Problems with Cohort Life Tables?

Adolph Murie Characterizing Survivorship II: Static Life Table Analysis

Static Life Table Collect age data on individuals at time of death Fig in Molles 2008

Fig in Molles 2008 Survivorship Curve for Dall Sheep (Based on Static Life Table Analysis)

Assumption of Static Life Table Analysis: Proportion of skulls in each age class Proportion of individuals who die in each age class =

Population: Age Distribution

Fig. 9.7 in Cain 2008 Population: Age Distribution

White Oak Population: Age Distribution

Populations: Age Distribution

Rio Grande Cottonwood Populations: Age Distribution

Populations: Age Structure

Large Cactus Finch – Genovesa Island

Population: Age Structure Large Cactus Finch 1983 Population1987 Population

Population: Rates of Population Change

> 1 : Increasing < 1: Decreasing ) = 1: No Change Geometric Rate of Increase ( A) Generations Do Not Overlap

Fig in Molles 2013 ) Geometric Rate of Increase ( A) Generations Do Not Overlap

Phlox drummondii Population Size: = _______ 2011: : 1200 Phlox drummondii (Geometric Growth) ) Geometric Rate of Increase ( A) Generations Do Not Overlap

r = Per Capita Rate of Increase r > 0: Increasingr < 0: Decreasingr = 0: No Change B) Continuous Growth Per Capita Rate of Increase (r)

r = ln R o _______ T B) Continuous Growth Per Capita Rate of Increase (r)

Crucial Population Indices: Net Reproductive Rate (R o ) (Number of individuals produced per individual in its lifetime (Animals: Females only))

Crucial Population Indices: Generation Time (T) (Mean age of a Female when Giving Birth)

Crucial Population Indices: Survivorship (l x ) L x = Proportion of Original Population Alive at Beginning of Time Interval x

Crucial Population Indices: Fecundity = Maternity (m x ) (Number of Individuals Produced per Individual during Time Interval x (Animals: Female Offspring Only))

Common Mud Turtle (K. subrubrum) Estimating Per Capita Rate of Increase: Case Study Fig in Molles 2013

Table 10.2 in Molles 2013 (continued) Combining Life Tables with Fecundity Schedules (Continuous Reproduction)

Useful Life Table Notation m x : Number of individuals produced per individual during time period x (animals: females only) x: Age in years (or other designated time unit) [n x : Number of individuals surviving to beginning of x] [d x : Number of individuals dead in a given time interval] R o : Number of individuals produced per individual in its lifetime (animals: females only) T: Mean age of a female when giving birth l x : Proportion of original individuals surviving to beginning of x

r: Per Capita Rate of Increase (= birth rate – death rate) (If r < 0, population is decreasing) (If r = 0, population is not changing) (If r > 0, population is increasing) Indices of Population Growth: r r = ln R o _______ T