APHG INDUSTRIALIZTION: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY ‘Machines replace Hands’

Some basics of Industrialization Industry is based on transportation and labor costs – best location for a production point is in the center of a triangle 5 main means of transport are truck, train, plane, pipeline, and ship Basic industries are city-forming industries –EXAMPLES > –Auto = Detroit –Steel = Pittsburgh

World Industrial Regions

Europe’s Economic Core and Regions

North America’s Manufacturing Regions

Russia’s Manufacturing Regions

East Asian Manufacturing Centers *Asia’s Tigers/Dragons *SEZ’s (Special Economic Zones) in China

Major manufacturing regions of the world today : ‘The CORE’

Types Of Industrial Activities Primary industries = extraction of resources, are dependent on location of resources such as oil, timer, fish, soil for farming… Secondary industries = creation of products from resources (factories) >> Are less dependent on resource location because raw materials can be transported to distant locations to be converted into manufactured products -if the resulting profits outweigh the costs. >> The location of secondary industries depends on human behavior and decision making. (Cultural, political, economic factors, even on intuition or whim.)

Situation Factors - Manufacturers try to locate factories as close as possible to both buyers and sellers. Location Near Inputs - If the weight and bulk of any one input is particularly great, the firm may locate near the source of that input to minimize transportation costs. (Copper Industry….) Location Near Markets - The cost of transporting goods to consumers is a critical locational factor for three types of industries Single-market Perishable Break-Of-Bulk Points - A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible. (Ex. - seaports and airports) (See SS photo of Long Island….)

Some terms….. Agglomeration Economies The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores. Agglomeration – clustering of productive activities and people for mutual advantage Deglomerative Effect/Deglomeration - the disadvantages of congestion cause some plants to move outward Shopping centers or malls, factories too –Nike – produces shoes in Indonesia –Barbies – Maquilas in Tijuana –Rawlings sports equipment – Haiti Multiplier effect - Cumulative processes by which a given change sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infr. growth. Comparative Advantage The principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists. Outsourcing – producing parts or products abroad for domestic sale.

Raw Materials and Markets