 Readily available  Cheap  Exist in solid, liquid, and gas forms › Coal › Petroleum › Natural gas

 Produce CO 2 › Greenhouse gas  Produce other pollutants › Soot › Unburned hydrocarbons › Nitrogen oxides › Sulfur oxides  Mining, drilling is a mess  Makes us dependent on other countries

 Non-renewable ( yrs?)  AGW (carbon dioxide)  Misc pollutants  Drilling and mining accidents (environmental concerns)  Better alternatives (but WHY better?)  Decrease dependence on foreign sources  Petroleum is very important chemical ingredient

 Availability (current production)  Capacity (potential production)  Cost  Environmental impact  Independence  Renewability  (Your report will also describe in detail how the technology works)

 Biofuels › ethanol › biodiesel  Fossil Fuel  Fuel Cells  Geothermal  Hydroelectric  Nuclear Fission  Nuclear Fusion  Solar › photoelectric cells (PVC) › concentrated solar power (CSP)  Wind  Marine › Tidal › Wave

 Biodiesel › Burn it to release heat, CO 2 and H 2 O  same as with FF use › very high net energy (3+) › used primarily in transportation fuels  Ethanol › most gasoline is 10% › E85 is 85%  requires FlexFuel vehicle › oxygenated fuel  cleaner burn? › net energy balance debatable ( 1?) › politically popular

 Biodiesel › mix vegetable or animal oils with FF › used cooking oils work › soy oil is largest source  Ethanol › same alcohol as in vodka, etc… › from fermentation of plant material (corn) › competes with food supply, raises prices

 Fission of U-235 or Pu-239 produces a boatload of HEAT to make steam › Eventually Fusion will do this, too  Steam spins turbine which spins generator › generates Electricity › identical to FF, CSP, Geothermal power plant › similar to Wind, Tidal, Hydroelectric power plant  no Heat or Steam

 Heat produces steam › Burn fossil fuels for heat › Concentrate Solar light to focus heat › Tap into heat under Earth’s surface  Steam spins turbine spins generator › produces Electricity

 Moving air or water spins propeller  Propeller spins turbine spins generator › produces Electricity

 Convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy › VERY efficient (70% vs. 20% for int. comb.)  These are batteries that are constantly fed new chemicals, never run out  Probably only good for small scale energy use  Portable electricity production

 FF’s very widely available for Elect and Transp › 75% of US electricity production  Fission widely available › 20% of US electricity production  Hydroelectric › 5% of US electricity production  Biofuels, Solar, Wind, Geothermal are starting to be used  Fuel Cells and Tidal are in infancy  Fusion is decades away

 Produce lots of GG’s  Produce sulfur and nitrogen oxides › contribute to acid rain  Mining and drilling can be very dirty  Biofuels not much better › Ethanol contains oxygen which aids in complete combustion

 Effect flow of water › Hydroelectric far worse  Displace habitat  No GG’s or other emissions

 Mining and concentrating radioactive fuels  Risk of accident with leakage or meltdown  Thermal pollution in river or lake  No GG’s or other emissions

 Solar and Wind need lots of space › displaced habitat  Geothermal needs less space, but can disturb tectonic plates  No GG’s or other emissions

 ??????

 FF’s – NO  Biofuel’s – basically renewable FF’s  Fission – NA for U-235?, YES for Pu-239 › requires Breeder technology  Wind, Solar, Tidal, Geo., Hydro. – YES  Fuel Cells –NA (huge supply of H 2, O 2 from plants)  Fusion - NA

 FF – Very high, currently best for transport.  Biofuels – not capable of replacing FF’s  Fission – Very high  Fusion – Very high  Tidal, Hydro., Geo. – Limited by geography  Solar – limited by size  Fuel cells – probably just small scale

 FF’s – Cheap, since already in place  Biofuels – slightly more than FF’s  Wind, Solar, Tidal, Hydro., Geo – › Expensive, since not in place › No fuel cost once in place  Fission – more than FF’s  Fuel cells – Expensive to build, cheap fuel

 FF’s – keep us VERY dependent on foreign sources  All others – Decrease our dependence on foreign sources

 FF’s, Fission – yes  Biofuels, Hydro. – limited  Tidal, Solar, Geo., Wind – very limited  Fuel Cells – extremely limited  Fusion – not available

 Fossil fuels are nearly PERFECT for transportation energy › liquids take up little space › easily transferred from place to place › internal combustion technology is easy  Electric cars could indirectly use alt. energies › need lightweight, non-toxic battery substitute › Wind, Tidal › We may never have Electric freight capability  scaled down nuclear Trains and Trucks?

 Transmission over long distances without loss of power › wireless?  Large storage systems  Electric cars › unless we’re OK with Biofuels › liquefying coal and natural gas  Small scale nuclear?

 Lightweight non-toxic batteries for cars  Large scale electric storage systems  Wireless (low loss) transmission of electricity  “Cold” fusion  Solar Space Station  invention/#UEOF0eyjixlG38BF.01 invention/#UEOF0eyjixlG38BF.01  (sam wallin –2014)