A National Perspective on Intervention on Urban Air Pollution for Health in Sustainable Development in Mexico Leonora Rojas-Bracho / National Institute of Ecology of Mexico SDE Seminar Series on Air Pollution and Sustainable Development May 23, 2012

Environmentally Sustainable Cities

3 Objective To direct the environmental performance of Mexican cities toward environmental sustainability, through development of a set of indicators The measurable results of the actions undertaken in a city to protect and promote caring for the environment, and to prevent, reduce and mitigate the adverse effect that human settlements, productive activities and services exert upon it, taking as the point of reference the city’s policies, regulations, objectives and environmental goals. Environmental Performance Environmental Sustainability The movement toward redesigning the ways that are used to meet societal’s needs, that allow to consider the long- term environmental capacity to withstand the load placed on it.

4 Project Overview Our aim is to produce a comprehensive set of indicators that serve to evaluate the environmental performance of medium- sized cities and set environmental sustainability goals for the short, medium and long terms.

Policy Direction: Reduction of air pollutants concentrations to achieve levels specified in National Ambient Air Quality Standards and, furthermore, in WHO recommended targets Air Quality NAAQS PM10 annual Objective: The city enjoys of excellent air quality for all criteria pollutants.

Objective : The city offers non-motorized mobility modes and high capacity, accessible, clean, safe and efficient public transportation. Policy Direction: Increase the number of trips using non-motorized mobility modes and public transportation, and reduce the use of private vehicles Urban Mobility Desempeño Sustentabilidad PerformanceSustainability Trips in private vehicles (%) Short termMedium termLong term DesempeñoSustentabilidadPerformanceSustainability Trips in non-motorized and public transportation (%) Short termMedium term Long term Public transportation Bicycle Walking

Benefits and Co-benefits: Technologies, Fuels and Fuel Efficiency

2008 – 2040 Total benefits NPV (12%) in 2008 (USD) = $17,232 Gasolina Health Benefits: Low Sulfur Fuels and Best Available Vehicular Technologies Diesel Gasoline Avoided cases (Thousands) Cases avoided (Millions) Premature DeathsChronic Bronchitis Work Lost Days Minor Restricted Activity Days

Cost-Benefit Ratio PEMEX-R/INE, Beneficios netos 2.1 Benefit / Cost Ratio Benefits * Total Benefits (Thousand million USD) Total Costs Total BenefitsNet Benefits Gasoline

10 Fuel Efficiency and CO 2 Emissions Reductions Standards

Green House Gases (CO 2 ) Global Warming Avoided Cases/ Days Mortality Chronic Bronchitis Minor Restricted Activity Days Lost Work Days Monetization: USD Health Effect Pollutants Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Sulphur Oxides (SO2) Hydrocarbons (HC) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Particulates (PM10 & PM2.5) Air Quality Health Impacts Premature Death - infant, cardiovascular, lung cancer Chronic Bronchitis Minor Restricted Activity Days Lost Work Days Metodología de estimación: INE, 2007 Light Duty Vehicle Avoided Emissions (Tons) NOx SO 2 HC Health Benefits LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS Co-Benefits Fuel Economy Standard,

Social Benefits Two Scenarios, Benefits 144 gCO ₂ /km (16.2km/l) 134 gCO ₂ /km (17.4km/l) Fuels savings Liters (Millions) 51,85164,219 Pesos (Millions) 341,989423,126 CO₂ Avoided Emissions Tons (Millions) Pesos (Millions)20,65925,553 Health Benefits Pesos (Millions) TOTAL Pesos (Millions) 362,856448,936 12

Thank you! ¡Gracias!