Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Chapter 11: Further Topics in Algebra 11.1Sequences and Series 11.2Arithmetic Sequences and Series 11.3Geometric Sequences and Series 11.4Counting Theory 11.5The Binomial Theorem 11.6Mathematical Induction 11.7Probability

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide A geometric sequence (or geometric progression) is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a constant nonzero real number, called the common ratio. The series of wages 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 … is an example of a geometric sequence in which the first term is 1 and the common ratio is Geometric Sequences and Series

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Finding the Common Ratio In a geometric sequence, the common ratio can be found by choosing any term except the first and dividing by the preceding term. The geometric sequence 2, 8, 32, 128, … has common ratio r = 4 since

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Geometric Sequences and Series nth Term of a Geometric Sequence In a geometric sequence with first term a 1 and common ratio r, neither of which is zero, the nth term is given by

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Using the Formula for the nth Term Example Find a 5 and a n for the geometric sequence 4, –12, 36, –108, … Solution Here a 1 = 4 and r = 36/ –12 = – 3. Using n=5 in the formula In general

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Modeling a Population of Fruit Flies Example A population of fruit flies is growing in such a way that each generation is 1.5 times as large as the last generation. Suppose there were 100 insects in the first generation. How many would there be in the fourth generation? Solution The populations form a geometric sequence with a 1 = 100 and r = 1.5. Use n = 4 in the formula for a n.. In the fourth generation, the population is about 338 insects.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Geometric Sequences and Series Sum of the First n Terms of an Geometric Sequence If a geometric sequence has first term a 1 and common ratio r, then the sum of the first n terms is given by where

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Geometric Series A geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence. In the fruit fly population model with a 1 = 100 and r = 1.5, the total population after four generations is a geometric series:

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Finding the Sum of the First n Terms Example Find Solution This is the sum of the first six terms of a geometric series with and r = 3. From the formula for S n,.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide An Infinite Geometric Series Given the infinite geometric sequence the sequence of sums is S 1 = 2, S 2 = 3, S 3 = 3.5, … The calculator screen shows more sums, approaching a value of 4. So

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Infinite Geometric Series Sum of the Terms of an Infinite Geometric Sequence The sum of the terms of an infinite geometric sequence with first term a 1 and common ratio r, where –1 < r < 1, is given by.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Finding Sums of the Terms of Infinite Geometric Sequences Example Find Solution Here and so.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Annuities Future Value of an Annuity The formula for the future value of an annuity is where S is the future value, R is the payment at the end of each period, i is the interest rate in decimal form per period, and n is the number of periods.