AN OVERVIEW The Progressive Era and The Roaring Twenties

The New Woman

Suffrage Consumerism, Progressivism, Birth Control and the War National American Women’s Suffrage Association  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony  Women vote virtuously Radical suffragettes  National Women’s Party  Alice Paul  equality

“Women’s Work” League of Women Voters  raise awareness and encourage entrance into politics  Equal Rights Amendment: applies Constitution to women  Controversy SHOULD WOMEN BE TREATED AS EQUALS TO MEN OR ARE THEY DISTINCTIVELY DIFFERENT AND THEREFORE REQUIRE PROTECTION?

The Flapper Reflection of the lighthearted, carefree modern age What is a flapper?  Young, single, middle-class woman  Break formal rules that govern women’s lives  Independent, outspoken, pleasure seeker  Not concerned with politics

The “New Negro”

NAACP Niagara Movement  Dubois discusses challenging Washington’s system Establishment of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Limited access to blacks  Interracial nature was “radical” The Crisis Legal Redress Committee

Red Summer The Great War Chicago Race Riot

Urbanization and the Ghetto Northern migrations  Why did blacks move to cities?  Why did they live in segregated neighborhoods? Harlem  Diversity in Afro-American culture  Rent quality  Disease and poverty  Homicide - quadruple  Pneumonia, TB, infant mortality - double

Black Nationalism Marcus Garvey Response to Red Summer  “The first dying that is to be done by the black man in the future will be done to make himself free. And then when we are finished, if we have any charity to bestow, we may die for the white man. But as for me, I think I have stopped dying for him.” Economic and cultural independence and separatism  Universal Negro Improvement Association  Negro World “Back to Africa”

Black Nationalism continues Independence through talent and determination  Politics, art, education, military, etc Reflected in Harlem Renaissance and Jazz  Safe way to reflect pride  Harlem Renaissance  Literary and artistic movement  Reflects black culture  “we younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn’t matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too.” – Langston Hughes  Jazz  Blues and ragtime move North with migrations  Blues + classical = Jazz  Discrimination

America! Land created in common, Dream nourished in common, Keep your hand on the plow! Hold on! If the house is not yet finished, Don’t be discouraged, builder! If the fight is not yet won, Don’t be weary, soldier! The plan and the pattern is here, Woven from the beginning Into the warp and woof of America: ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL. NO MAN IS GOOD ENOUGH TO GOVERN ANOTHER MAN WITHOUT HIS CONSENT. BETTER DIE FREE, THAN TO LIVE SLAVES. DEMOCRACY! To all the enemies of these great words: We say, NO!… Freedom’s Plow, 1943 Louis ArmstrongLangston Hughes

Backlash

Re-emergence of KKK Knights of Mary Phagan and BON Highly respected and influential members Return to “pure Americanism”  Anglo-Saxon and Protestant “natural” lines of society blurring Traditional family values  Fear of open sexuality