Lecture 9Slide 1 Topics to be Discussed Monopoly Monopoly Power Sources of Monopoly Power The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 2 Perfect Competition Review of Perfect Competition P = LMC = LRAC Normal profits or zero economic profits in the long run Large number of buyers and sellers Homogenous product Perfect information Firm is a price taker

Perfect Competition Q Q PP MarketIndividual Firm DS Q0Q0 P0P0 P0P0 D = MR = P q0q0 LRACLMC

Lecture 9Slide 4 Monopoly 1) One seller - many buyers 2)One product (no good substitutes) 3)Barriers to entry

Lecture 9Slide 5 Monopoly The monopolist is the supply-side of the market and has complete control over the amount offered for sale. Profits will be maximized at the level of output where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

Lecture 9Slide 6 Average and Marginal Revenue Output $ per unit of output Average Revenue (Demand) Marginal Revenue

Lecture 9Slide 7 Monopoly Observations 1)To increase sales the price must fall 2)MR < P 3)Compared to perfect competition  No change in price to change sales  MR = P

Lecture 9Slide 8 Monopoly Monopolist’s Output Decision 1)Profits maximized at the output level where MR = MC 2)Cost functions are the same

Lecture 9Slide 9 Maximizing Profit When Marginal Revenue Equals Marginal Cost At output levels below MR = MC the decrease in revenue is greater than the decrease in cost (MR > MC). At output levels above MR = MC the increase in cost is greater than the decrease in revenue (MR < MC) The Monopolist’s Output Decision

Lecture 9Slide 10 Lost profit P1P1 Q1Q1 Lost profit MC AC Quantity $ per unit of output D = AR MR P* Q* Maximizing Profit When Marginal Revenue Equals Marginal Cost P2P2 Q2Q2

Lecture 9Slide 11 = the markup over MC as a percentage of price (P-MC)/P Inverse Elasticity Rule The markup should equal the inverse of the elasticity of demand.

Lecture 9Slide 12 Monopoly Monopoly pricing compared to perfect competition pricing: Monopoly P > MC Perfect Competition P = MC

Lecture 9Slide 13 Monopoly Monopoly pricing compared to perfect competition pricing: The more elastic the demand the closer price is to marginal cost. If E d is a large negative number, price is close to marginal cost and vice versa.

Lecture 9Slide 14 Monopoly Shifts in Demand In perfect competition, the market supply curve is determined by marginal cost. For a monopoly, output is determined by marginal cost and the shape of the demand curve.

Lecture 9Slide 15 D2D2 MR 2 D1D1 MR 1 Shift in Demand Leads to Change in Price but Same Output Quantity MC $/Q P2P2 P1P1 Q 1 = Q 2

Lecture 9Slide 16 D1D1 MR 1 Shift in Demand Leads to Change in Output but Same Price MC $/Q MR 2 D2D2 P 1 = P 2 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Quantity

Lecture 9Slide 17 Monopoly Observations Shifts in demand usually cause a change in both price and quantity. A monopolistic market has no supply curve.

Lecture 9Slide 18 Monopoly The Effect of a Tax Under monopoly price can sometimes rise by more than the amount of the tax. To determine the impact of a tax: t = specific tax MC = MC + t MR = MC + t : optimal production decision

Lecture 9Slide 19 Effect of Excise Tax on Monopolist Quantity $/Q MC D = AR MR Q0Q0 P0P0 MC + tax t Q1Q1 P1P1 Increase in P: P 0 P 1 > increase in tax

Lecture 9Slide 20 Question Suppose: E d = -2 How much would the price change? Effect of Excise Tax on Monopolist

Lecture 9Slide 21 Monopoly The Multiplant Firm: for many firms, production takes place in two or more different plants whose operating cost can differ. Choosing total output and the output for each plant:  The marginal cost in each plant should be equal.  The marginal cost should equal the marginal revenue for each plant.

Lecture 9Slide 22 Monopoly Algebraically: The Multiplant Firm

Lecture 9Slide 23 Monopoly Algebraically: The Multiplant Firm

Lecture 9Slide 24 Monopoly Algebraically: The Multiplant Firm

Lecture 9Slide 25 Monopoly Algebraically:

Lecture 9Slide 26 Production with Two Plants Quantity $/Q D = AR MR MC 1 MC 2 MC T MR* Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 P*

Lecture 9Slide 27 Monopoly Power Measuring Monopoly Power In perfect competition: P = MR = MC Monopoly power: P > MC Lerner’s Index of Monopoly Power L = (P - MC)/P= -1/E d  The larger the value of L (between 0 and 1) the greater the monopoly power.  E d is elasticity of demand for a firm, not the market

Elasticity of Demand and Price Markup $/ Q Quantity AR MR AR MC Q* P* P*-MC The more elastic is demand, the less the markup.

The Pricing of Prerecorded Videocassettes TitleRetail Price($)TitleRetail Price($) Purple Rain$29.98Austin Powers$10.49 Raiders of the Lost Ark24.95A Bug’s Life17.99 Jane Fonda Workout59.95There’s Something about Mary13.99 The Empire Strikes Back79.98Tae-Bo Workout24.47 An Officer and a Gentleman24.95Lethal Weapon Star Trek: The Motion Picture24.95Men in Black12.99 Star Wars39.98Armageddon15.86

What Do You Think? Should producers lower the price of videocassettes to increase sales and revenue? The Pricing of Prerecorded Videocassettes

Lecture 9Slide 31 Sources of Monopoly Power Why do some firm’s have considerable monopoly power, and others have little or none? A firm’s monopoly power is determined by the firm’s elasticity of demand.

Lecture 9Slide 32 Sources of Monopoly Power The firm’s elasticity of demand is determined by: 1)Elasticity of market demand 2)Number of firms 3) The interaction among firms

Lecture 9Slide 33 The Social Costs of Monopoly Power Monopoly power results in higher prices and lower quantities. However, does monopoly power make consumers and producers in the aggregate better or worse off?

Lecture 9Slide 34 B A Lost Consumer Surplus Deadweight Loss Because of the higher price, consumers lose A+B and producer gains A-C. C Deadweight Loss from Monopoly Power Quantity AR MR MC QCQC PCPC PmPm QmQm $/Q

Lecture 9Slide 35 Rent Seeking Firms may spend to gain monopoly power  Lobbying  Advertising  Building excess capacity The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 36 The incentive to engage in monopoly practices is determined by the profit to be gained. The larger the transfer from consumers to the firm, the larger the social cost of monopoly. The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 37 Price Regulation Recall that in competitive markets, price regulation created a deadweight loss. Question: What about a monopoly? The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 38 Natural Monopoly A firm that can produce the entire output of an industry at a cost lower than what it would be if there were several firms. Natural monopolies occur because of extensive economies of scale The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 39 MC AC AR MR $/Q Quantity Setting the price at P r yields the largest possible output;excess profit is zero. QrQr PrPr PCPC QCQC If the price were regulate to be P C, the firm would lose money and go out of business. PmPm QmQm Unregulated, the monopolist would produce Q m and charge P m. Regulating the Price of a Natural Monopoly

Lecture 9Slide 40 Regulation in Practice It is very difficult to estimate the firm's cost and demand functions because they change with evolving market conditions The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 41 Regulation in Practice An alternative pricing technique---rate-of- return regulation allows the firms to set a maximum price based on the expected rate or return that the firm will earn.  P = AVC + (D + T + sK)/Q, where P = price, AVC = average variable cost D = depreciation, T = taxes s = allowed rate of return, K = firm’s capital stock The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 42 Regulation in Practice Using this technique requires hearings to arrive at the respective figures. The hearing process creates a regulatory lag that may benefit producers (1950s & 60s) or consumers (1970s & 80s). Now replaced with price caps The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

Lecture 9Slide 43 Limiting Market Power: The Antitrust Laws Antitrust Laws: Promote a competitive economy Rules and regulations designed to promote a competitive economy by:  Prohibiting actions that restrain or are likely to restrain competition  Restricting the forms of market structures that are allowable

Lecture 9Slide 44 Europe: Articles 81 and 82 Treaty of Amsterdam US: Sherman Act (1890)  Prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade: no price fixing  Illegal to monopolize or attempt to monopolize a market. Limiting Market Power: The Antitrust Laws

Lecture 9Slide 45 Two Examples American Airlines -- Price fixing Microsoft  Monopoly power  Predatory actions  Collusion Limiting Market Power: The Antitrust Laws

Lecture 9Slide 46 Summary Market power is the ability of sellers or buyers to affect the price of a good. Monopoly power is determined in part by the number of firms competing in the market.

Lecture 9Slide 47 Summary Market power can impose costs on society. Sometimes, scale economies make pure monopoly desirable. We rely on the antitrust laws to prevent firms from obtaining excessive market power.