End Show Slide 1 of Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 2 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment Mendel performed a two-factor cross to see if the alleles for different traits would separate. Are these genes (traits) linked together? Independent Assortment SSYY x ssyy

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 3 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment Two-Factor Cross Results

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 4 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment The Two-Factor Cross: F 2 Mendel crossed the heterozygous F 1 plants (RrYy) with each other to determine if the alleles would segregate. RrYy × RrYy

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 5 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment The Punnett square predicts a 9 : 3 : 3 :1 ratio in the F 2 generation. Represents: Independent Assortment

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 6 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall This principle is known as independent assortment. Genes that segregate independently do not influence each other's inheritance. Independent Assortment

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 7 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A Summary of Mendel's Principles Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. If two or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some are dominant and others may be recessive.

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 8 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another. A Summary of Mendel's Principles

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 9 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Exceptions to Complete Dominance –Incomplete Dominance –Codominance

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 10 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Incomplete Dominance When one allele is not completely dominant over another it is called incomplete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is between the two homozygous phenotypes. AA aa Aa

End Show Slide 11 of 31 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A cross between red (RR) and white (WW) four o’clock plants produces pink- colored flowers (RW). Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles WW RR

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 12 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Codominance In codominance, both alleles contribute to the phenotype.

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 13 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Multiple Alleles Genes that are controlled by more than two alleles are said to have multiple alleles. A rabbit's coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles.

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 14 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Different combinations of alleles result in the colors shown here. Full color: CC, Cc ch, Cc h, or Cc Chinchilla: c ch c h, c ch c ch, or c ch cHimalayan: c h c, or c h c h AIbino: cc KEY C = full color; dominant to all other alleles c ch = chinchilla; partial defect in pigmentation; dominant to c h and c alleles c h = Himalayan; color in certain parts of the body; dominant to c allele c = albino; no color; recessive to all other alleles

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 15 of 31

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 16 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. Skin color in humans is a polygenic trait controlled by more than four different genes.

End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 17 of 31 LE aabbccAabbccAaBbccAaBbCcAABbCcAABBCcAABBCC AaBbCc 20 / / 64 6 / 64 1 / 64 Fraction of progeny

End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 18 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3

End Show Slide 19 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 In a cross involving two pea plant traits, observation of a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio in the F 2 generation is evidence for a.the two traits being inherited together. b.an outcome that depends on the sex of the parent plants. c.the two traits being inherited independently of each other. d.multiple genes being responsible for each trait.

End Show Slide 20 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 Traits controlled by two or more genes are called a.multiple-allele traits. b.polygenic traits. c.codominant traits. d.hybrid traits.

End Show Slide 21 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 In four o'clock flowers, the alleles for red flowers and white flowers show incomplete dominance. Heterozygous four o'clock plants have a.pink flowers. b.white flowers. c.half white flowers and half red flowers. d.red flowers.

End Show Slide 22 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 A white male horse and a tan female horse produce an offspring that has large areas of white coat and large areas of tan coat. This is an example of a.incomplete dominance. b.multiple alleles. c.codominance. d.a polygenic trait.

End Show Slide 23 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 Mendel's principles apply to a.pea plants only. b.fruit flies only. c.all organisms. d.only plants and animals.

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