September 11, 2015 Bell work: Section Summary reading with questions. Turn in for a grade.

Introduction Industrial Revolution converted Europe from farming economy to an industrial economy based in urban areas. Industry brings great wealth to few Hardships on many Long run-provides material benefits to people.

September 8, 2015 Chapter 12 test today! Take a few minutes to study! After test you will do chapter 13 vocabulary and chapter 13-1 Guided Reading. You will turn this in when finished! Chapter 13 starts on page 397

February 11, 2015 Bell Work: Answer Chapter 13 section 3 questions. Turn in when finished!

September 17, 2014 Bell Work: Do The Tenements of New York Writing assignment.

Capitalist Ideas Leaders of the Industrial Rev. (owners of railroads, factories, and mines), did not agree with those who were calling for reform at the time. They believed in Laissez-faire (“let do” or “let them alone”) economics… Policy allowing business to operate free from gov’t interference. Believed freedom from gov’t control Growing economy with material progress for all people.

Adam Smith Adam Smith-Scottish economist: wrote “Wealth of Nations” Economy works best when forces of supply and demand operate without gov’t interference. Businesses produce goods inexpensively as possible, and consumers buy best goods at the lowest prices.

Malthus and Ricardo Thomas Malthus-Anglican clergyman Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population Poverty, famine, and misery were unavoidable because population was increasing faster than food supply. David Ricardo-British economist “iron law of wages”-rapid pop. Growth would lead to: Fierce competition for jobs Lower wages Higher unemployment

Malthus and Ricardo cont.. Malthus/Ricardo-strong believers in laissez-faire. Opposed gov’t aid to the poor. Believed poor could help themselves by: Working hard Saving money Having fewer children

Young coal miners-Kingston, Pa

Breaker boys in the coal mines  Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.”  The coal is hard, and accidents to the hands, such as cut, broken, or crushed fingers, are common among the boys. Sometimes there is a worse accident: a terrified shriek is heard, and a boy is mangled and torn in the machinery, or disappears in the chute to be picked out later smothered and dead. Clouds of dust fill the breakers and are inhaled by the boys, laying the foundations for asthma and miners' consumption.

This is how we spend our free time!

Evangelicals and Reform  Evangelicalism-a movement that joined person faith with social improvement.  William Wilberforce-opposed slavery  1807 bill ended British slave trade  1833 abolished slavery throughout British empire.  Lord Shaftsbury-promoted laws to limit working hours for women and children.  1830 & 1840 regulated child employment  -prohibited women and children from working in mines  -10 hr. work day in textile factories for women and children under 18.

Utilitarianism  The ideas that society should work for “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of citizens.  Jeremy Bentham promoted utilitarianism.  Bentham called for:  -a better code of law  -education for all  -public health service  -improved prisons

Utilitarian Reformers John Stuart Mill - A follower of Bentham who believed that: - He rejected Laissez-faire economics, was against monopolies. Wrote On Liberty Promoted social progress and supported extending the vote to all adults Advocated equal rights to all women.

Socialism Some people thought that ending workers’ misery required eliminating Capitalism completely! Socialism: The belief that the means of production, capital, land, raw materials, and factories, should be owned or controlled by the society either directly or through the government. This way, wealth could be distributed equally! Robert Owen - Believed that competition caused society’s problems… Thus If cooperation replaced competition, life would improve. - Robert tried to test his theory by setting up mill towns.. One was successful (he didn’t give up all control), the other wasn’t.

Socialism cont…  Friedrich Engels-The Condition of the Working Class in England  Karl Marx believed history advanced through conflict-based teachings from German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel.  A. believed the only way to make the ruling class to give up control was through revolution.  B. Proletariat-working class (productive class).  C. Bourgeoisie-middle class  D. Proletariat would build a society in which the people owned everything.  E. Classes would vanish and gov’t would wither away

Communism Governing principle would be “from each according to his ability to each according to his need.” Marx and Englels –The Communist Manifesto (1848) Das Kapital

The Socialist legacy  1900s-workers could buy more with their wages than they could 50 years before.  Workers gained the right to vote  Corrected social problems  Remained loyal to their individual nations.  In time, Democratic socialism developed in Western Europe.

The Socialist Legacy cont…  1900s revolution in Russia known as Marxist, a radical form of socialism became known as communism.  Karl Marx-the father of communism