Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 23 (8 th edition) THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM part 1 1

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Digestive System Two groups of organs 1.Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract) Digests and absorbs food Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Digestive System 2.Accessory digestive organs Teeth, tongue, gallbladder Digestive glands Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder pancreas

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.1 Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Anus Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Small intestine Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Salivary glands Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Vermiform appendix Anal canal Large intestine 4 Fig Pg 852

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5. Digestive Processes Six essential activities 1.Ingestion 2.Propulsion 3.Mechanical digestion (physical change) 4.Chemical digestion (chemical reactions, decomposition, surface area, new stuff) 5.Absorption 6.Defecation

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.2 Food Ingestion Propulsion Esophagus Stomach Pharynx Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Chewing (mouth) Churning (stomach) Segmentation (small intestine) Small intestine Large intestine Defecation Anus Feces Blood vessel Lymph vessel Absorption Swallowing (oropharynx) Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Mainly H 2 O 6Fig. 23. Pg. 853

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3 From mouth (b) Segmentation: Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward then backward. Food mixing and slow food propulsion occurs. (a) Peristalsis: Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, which moves food along the tract distally. 7 Fig. 23.5a; page 855

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 8. GI tract regulatory mechanisms SKIP 2.Intrinsic and extrinsic controls Enteric nerve plexuses (gut brain) initiate short reflexes in response to stimuli in the GI tract Long reflexes in response to stimuli inside or outside the GI tract involve CNS centers and autonomic nerves Hormones from cells in the stomach and small intestine stimulate target cells in the same or different organs

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 9. Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum: serous membrane of the abdominal cavity Visceral peritoneum on external surface of most digestive organs Parietal peritoneum lines the body wall Peritoneal cavity Between the two peritoneums Fluid lubricates mobile organs

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.5a Peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Ventral mesentery Abdominopelvic cavity Dorsal mesentery Vertebra Alimentary canal organ (a) Schematic cross sections of abdominal cavity illustrate the peritoneums and mesenteries. Liver

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 11. Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves Holds organs in place and stores fat Retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to the peritoneum Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs are surrounded by the peritoneum

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.5b Abdominopelvic cavity Mesentery resorbed and lost (b) Some organs lose their mesentery and become retroperitoneal during development. Alimentary canal organ Alimentary canal organ in a retroperitoneal position 12 Fig. 23.5b; page 855

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 13. Blood Supply: Splanchnic Circulation Skip Arteries- that branch off the aorta and go to the digestive system and the hepatic portal system Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric Inferior and superior mesenteric Hepatic portal circulation Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs Delivers it to the liver for processing

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 14. Histology of the Alimentary Canal Four basic layers (tunics) 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.6 Glands in submucosa Submucosa Lumen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Duct of gland outside alimentary canal Gland in mucosa Nerve Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Mesentery Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus Submucosal nerve plexus Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Serosa Epithelium Connective tissue 15 Fig. 23.6; page 857

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Mucosa Lines the lumen Functions Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones Absorbs end products of digestion Protects against infectious disease Three sublayers: A. epithelium, B. lamina propria, and C. muscularis mucosae

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 17. Mucosa A. Epithelium Simple columnar epithelium and mucus- secreting cells Mucus Protects digestive organs from enzymes Eases food passage May secrete enzymes and hormones (e.g., in stomach and small intestine)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 18. Mucosa B. Lamina propria Loose areolar connective tissue Capillaries for nourishment and absorption Lymphoid follicles (part of MALT) C. Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa ???

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Submucosa Submucosa Dense connective tissue ??? Blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus ???

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Muscularis Externa Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers Myenteric nerve plexus ??? Sphincters in some regions

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Serosa Visceral peritoneum Replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the esophagus skip Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa skip

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.6 Glands in submucosa Submucosa Lumen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Duct of gland outside alimentary canal Gland in mucosa Nerve Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Mesentery Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus Submucosal nerve plexus Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Serosa Epithelium Connective tissue 22 Fig page 857

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 23. Enteric Nervous System Intrinsic nerve supply of the alimentary canal Submucosal nerve plexus Regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa Myenteric nerve plexus Controls GI tract motility

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 24. Enteric Nervous System Linked to the CNS via afferent visceral fibers Long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexuses Sympathetic impulses inhibit secretion and motility Parasympathetic impulses stimulate

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 25. Mouth Oral (buccal) cavity Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue Oral orifice is the anterior opening Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.7a Uvula Soft palate Palatoglossal arch Palatine tonsil Hard palate Oral cavity Tongue Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Epiglottis Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Esophagus Trachea (a) Sagittal section of the oral cavity and pharynx 26 Fig. 23.7a Page 857 Palantine bone Palantine process of maxillla

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 27. Lips and Cheeks Contain orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles Vestibule: recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums Oral cavity proper lies within the teeth and gums Labial frenulum: median attachment of each lip to the gum

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.7b Uvula Palatine tonsil Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts Tongue Upper lip Lower lip Vestibule Gingivae (gums) Hard palate Soft palate Lingual frenulum Opening of submandibular duct Palatine raphe Inferior labial frenulum Posterior wall of oropharynx Palatopharyngeal arch Superior labial frenulum Palatoglossal arch (b) Anterior view 28 Fig. 23.7b; page 859

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 29. Palate Hard palate: palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae Slightly corrugated to help create friction against the tongue Soft palate: fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing Uvula projects downward from its free edge

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 30. Tongue Functions include Repositioning and mixing food during chewing Formation of the bolus Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue Extrinsic muscles alter the tongue’s position Lingual frenulum: attachment to the floor of the mouth

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 31. Tongue Surface bears papillae taste buds Diagram

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8 Epiglottis Palatopharyngeal arch Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil Palatoglossal arch Foliate papillae Circumvallate papilla Terminal sulcus Dorsum of tongue Midline groove of tongue Filiform papilla Fungiform papilla 32 Fig Page 860 cluster of lymphoid follicles

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 33. Salivary Glands Extrinsic salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 34. Salivary Glands Intrinsic (buccal) salivary glands are scattered in the oral mucosa - no ducts Secretion (saliva) Cleanses the mouth Moistens and dissolves food chemicals Aids in bolus formation Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch (amylase)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 35. Salivary Glands Parotid gland Anterior to the ear external to the masseter muscle Parotid duct opens into the vestibule next to second upper molar Submandibular gland Medial to the body of the mandible Duct opens at the base of the lingual frenulum

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 36. Salivary Glands Sublingual gland Anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue Opens via 10–12 ducts into the floor of the mouth

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9 Teeth Ducts of sublingual gland Sublingual gland Submandibular duct Posterior belly of digastric muscle Parotid duct Masseter muscle Body of mandible (cut) Parotid gland Tongue Submandibular gland (a) Frenulum of tongue Mylohyoid muscle (cut) Anterior belly of digastric muscle Mucous cells (b) Serous cells forming demilunes 37 Fig page 861

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 38. Composition of Saliva Secreted by serous and mucous cells 97–99.5% water, slightly acidic solution containing Salivary amylase and lingual lipase PLAY Animation: Rotatable head

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 39. Control of Salivation Intrinsic glands continuously keep the mouth moist Extrinsic salivary glands produce secretions when Ingested food stimulates chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the mouth - Smell Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth (xerostomia)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 40. Teeth Primary and permanent dentitions are formed by age deciduous teeth erupt (6–24 months of age) Roots are resorbed, teeth fall out (6–12 years of age) as permanent teeth develop 32 permanent teeth All except third molars erupt by the end of adolescence

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10b Deciduous teethPermanent teeth (b) 41 Figure 23.10; page 862

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 42. Classes of Teeth 2I, 1C, 2P, 3M Incisors Chisel shaped for cutting Canines Fanglike teeth that tear or pierce Premolars (bicuspids) and Molars Have broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding or crushing

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10a Incisors Central (6–8 mo) Incisors Central (7 yr) Canine (eyetooth) (16–20 mo) Canine (eyetooth) (11 yr) Premolars (bicuspids) First premolar (11 yr) Molars First molar (10–15 mo) Molars First molar (6–7 yr) Lateral (8–10 mo) Lateral (8 yr) Second molar (about 2 yr) Second molar (12–13 yr) Third molar (wisdom tooth) (17–25 yr) (a) Permanent teeth Deciduous (milk) teeth Second premolar (12–13 yr) 43 Figure 23.10; page 863

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 44. Tooth Structure Crown: the exposed part above the gingiva (gum) Covered by enamel—the hardest substance in the body (calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals) Root: portion embedded in the jawbone Connected to crown by neck

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 45. Tooth Structure Cementum: calcified connective tissue Covers root and attaches it to the periodontal ligament Periodontal ligament Forms fibrous joint called a gomphosis Gingival sulcus: groove where gingiva borders the tooth

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 46. Tooth Structure Dentin: bonelike material under enamel Maintained by odontoblasts of pulp cavity Pulp cavity: cavity surrounded by dentin Pulp: connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves Root canal: extends from pulp cavity to the apical foramen of the root

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Crown Neck Root Enamel Dentin Dentinal tubules Pulp cavity (contains blood vessels and nerves) Gingiva (gum) Cementum Root canal Periodontal ligament Apical foramen Bone 47 Figure: Page: 863

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 48. Tooth and Gum Disease Skip 48 through 50 - FYI only Dental caries (cavities): gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin Dental plaque (sugar, bacteria, and debris) adheres to teeth Acid from bacteria dissolves calcium salts Proteolytic enzymes digest organic matter Prevention: daily flossing and brushing

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 49. Tooth and Gum Disease Gingivitis Plaque calcifies to form calculus (tartar) Calculus disrupts the seal between the gingivae and the teeth Anaerobic bacteria infect gums Infection reversible if calculus removed

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 50. Tooth and Gum Disease Periodontitis Immune cells attack intruders and body tissues Destroy periodontal ligament Activate osteoclasts Consequences Possible tooth loss, promotion of atherosclerosis and clot formation in coronary and cerebral arteries