Chapter 18 Part 3 Pages

Terms to Know Hollywood 10 Blacklist Alger Hiss Rosenbergs Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism

The Red Scare 1949 China fell to communism 1949 The USSR had the bomb Over 100,000 Americans had joined the Communist Party by the time WWII was over Stalin had not allowed free elections in Eastern Europe

Truman and Democrats Were called soft on communism The Loyality Review Board was established in 1947 to investigate government employees to establish that they were loyal to the U.S. The Attorney General had a list of “subversive” organizations

Between Millions of government employees (3.2) were investigated 212 were dismissed from their jobs 2,900 resigned on principle

HUAC by 1947 House un-American Activities Committee Was formed by congress to investigate communist influence in the film industry 43 witnesses were called Most were “cooperative” 10 were not…called the Hollywood Ten

Blacklisted! Those witnesses who were not cooperative (did not give up names of others) were often jailed, fined without cause They also discovered that they could not get work Actors, actressses, teachers, doctors, writers, etc

In the meantime Congress did not believe that the Loyalty Review Board was enough They passes the McCarran Internal Securities Act: it was illegal to plan any action that might result in a totalitarian regime in the U.S.

Spies When the USSR tested its atomic bomb in 1949, everyone knew that it could only have been done if secrets had been stolen from the U.S. It should have taken the soviets 3-5 years to come up with the bomb on their own

New investigations Alger Hiss…a former high ranking official in the State Department was accused of passing sensitive government documents to the Russians in the 30’s Accuser was Whitaker Chambers…a self=- admitted former communist

Alger Hiss Although Chambers WAS in possession of the Pumpkin Papers (sensitive government documents) there was no way to prove that Hiss had anything to do with it so Hiss was acquitted

Hiss sued Chambers For defamation of character Richard Nixon…a junior congressman from California got involved In the end Hiss was found guilty…not of espionage but of perjury!

Hiss continued to claim he ws innocent BUT in the 1990’s after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia came up with documents proving that Hiss DID smuggle secrets to the Communists

The Rosenbergs Klaus Fuchs was a British physisist who claimed to have given secrets of the bomb to the Soviets He said the documents were given to him by David Greenglass

Greenglass made a deal He said that his sister and her husband, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, were the masterminds behind the operation On trial, the Rosenbergs took the 5 th. They were convicted of espionage and went to the electric chair. Both continued to claim they were innocent.

By 1946 The CIA was formed To gather information that threatened U.S. security They gathered information overtly and covertly

Joe McCarthy A senator from Wisconsin Wanted to continue to be re-elected Decided to put himself out there as a champion against communism

McCarthyism McCarthy had a problem with alcohol He specialized in The Big Lie Claimed to have evidence that there were 205 card-carrying communists in the State Department in his briefcase

All he really had in there Was a bottle of hooch And a list of names of people who had been interviewed by the Loyalty Review Board His tactics were unethical, unfair, bullying BUT he was popular with the American people

Most other Senators Saw him for what he was but few spoke up against him He was really popular In the end, his undoing came when he claimed that there were communists in the U.S> Army

The Army Hearings Since McCarthy was so popular, TV stations wanted to put the Army hearings on TV When the American people saw what a bully he was they stopped supporting him THEN he was censored by the Senate

In 1954 He was found dead in a hotle room Alcohol-related death NOTE: Nixon steered clear of McCarthy…even at the height of his popularity Nixon will be Eisenhower’s Vice-President (later)