12/7/15 LE 7

 What resources have we examined so far this year?  In what ways are these resources used by living things?  What other resources should we consider?  Read Prologue on p57 alone or in pairs

 Discuss the following questions with your table partner & record your thinking in your notebook. Be prepared to share your ideas. 1.How long can humans survive without food? Without water? Without air? Why are the answers different? 2.What gas(es) in the air do you use when you take in a breath of air? Does the composition of air change when it is exhaled? If so, How? 3.How is the gas or gases used by your body?

 What gases in air do animals use?  What is happening when you breathe?  What processes in our body require air?  How is the air you inhale - different from the air you exhale?

 Use Table 7.1 on p58 to answer Questions #1-5 page in your notebook  Please be sure to answer all questions completely  You may do this task alone OR with a partner When finished – you will be receiving a stamp… Then begin reading “handout” - answer “What Goes in…” questions on handout

 Using the handout, prepare the lab for tomorrow ◦ Includes: Title, Purpose, Materials & Procedure – “as on sheet” and draw a data in your notebook.  Read handout carefully  We will do the lab tomorrow.  Finish for HW

 Do you need a completion stamp–”What Goes In…” questions #1-5 ?  Please have lab prep ready for stamp – Should include: ◦ What is the question being asked in lab? (purpose) ◦ Include a hypothesis ◦ Be sure to have DATA table in your notebook which includes data for both you and your partner(s)  SAFETY --- Wear goggles; aprons (optional)

 Tubes 1, 2, 3, --- We will do together in a DEMO up front  Remember to use labeled droppers DO NOT MIX  Use 2 droppers – full of Limewater  Use colored pencils to record colors at the end of reaction  PLEASE NOTE at the bottom of data TABLE: ◦ Phenol Red indicates presence of ____________________ ◦ Limewater indicates presence of _____________________

 After noting data, reviewing your hypothesis, begin writing your conclusion  Use questions #1&2 on page 62  Paragraph #1  Paragraph #2  You may work alone or in your lab groups, BUT ALL need to have a conclusion (2 paragraphs) answering questions #1 & 2

 Wednesday 12/3/14  Share your conclusion by working together (using the white board) Include the following: 1.Diagram your answer to the 2 nd paragraph question -- How do you think these changes in the composition of air might occur in the presence of living organisms. 2.Note what additional information you might need in order to explain what has caused the change in composition of air 3.Where do you think the carbon and the oxygen in carbon dioxide ( you found in the living yeast ) come from? Be specific.

Metabolism is the combination of all the chemical reactions occurring within an organism Chemical reaction is the process of making or breaking the chemical bonds that link atoms

B. Catabolism – Breakdown of larger molecules; requires some energy, but more energy is released C. Anabolism – building of molecules from smaller subunits; energy is stored in the new bonds that are formed

sun A. Energy for life starts with the sun Green plants capture sunlight and use energy to convert carbon dioxide & water intoCarbohydrates 1. The process is calledPhotosynthesis 2. Equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O

◦ Obtaining energy from the bonds of food molecules is called Cellular Respiration ◦ Its catabolic chemical equation is: C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 + energy →6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy

12/9/15 There are 2 phases / stages to cellular respiration… Glycolysis Glycolysis means glucose breaking [Phase 1] ONE Glucose Pathway of many reactions that splits ONE molecule of Glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules (3-C) (***p63) A little ATP must be spent to start the pathway, but it produces more ATP than was invested

Adenosine Tri Phosphate Made of one adenine; one 5- carbon sugar; 3 phosphate groups (draw the molecule) (note – 3D model)

 ATP is the Energy “holding tank” for most living organisms  ATP is also known as the “currency” for living cells ATP glucose ATP dollarquarter quarters ◦ Think of a cell as a vending machine that ONLY accepts ATP … So… the chemical energy of glucose needs to be converted to ATP, like a dollar machine changes to a useable quarter for a vending machine that only accepts quarters.

released  Energy of ATP is released when the bond between the end phosphates is broken Glucose  The phosphate bonds of ATP hold the energy that is released during the catabolism of Glucose until it is needed by the cell regenerated  ATP is constantly regenerated in the cell

2ATP 4 ATP 2 ATP  To start this process of Glycolysis, it costs -- 2 ATP but this process produces 4 ATP so… the net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is: 2 ATP 2 pyruvate  The end product of glycolysis (glucose breaking) are 2 pyruvate (3-carbon molecule)  Note: lighting the candle takes input Energy from the _____?

 Place the glucose (2 orange pieces) molecule together  Note the ATP (yellow pieces)  Model the Glycolysis (Phase 1 of Cellular respiration)  Draw in notebook … your model  Note the Inputs and Outputs of this phase INPUTSOUTPUTS  Matter __________________________  Energy (ATP) ____________________  Video clip

more ATP than Glycolysis  This phase produces more ATP than Glycolysis Part 1 (Krebs Cycle) --- [includes 9 steps Part 1 (Krebs Cycle) --- [includes 9 steps ] (***p64) Pyruvate  The 2 Pyruvate molecules from glycolysis enter this cycle/pathway (per one original glucose molecule) 2 ATP molecules 6 Carbon Dioxide (1 ATP & 3 CO 2 per pyruvate)  These molecules are broken down, rearranged and rejoined in a series of steps to regenerate the products of this phase which are 2 ATP molecules and 6 Carbon Dioxide (1 ATP & 3 CO 2 per pyruvate)

1.Electrons 1.Electrons are freed during the Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain ETC 2.The transferring electrons enters the Electron Transport Chain ETC 32 ATP 3.As the electrons move through this chain, energy is released to produce 32 ATP molecules OXYGEN 4.The “spent” electrons from this chain are collected by OXYGEN which is a Cellular Respiration reactant

electron acceptor 5. This reactant is called the electron acceptor water. 6. The product that is produced is water. 7. oxygen Energy (ATP) LIFE Death 7. Without oxygen the chain stops, Oxidative respiration does not occur, no Energy (ATP) is produced for LIFE and Death will result Net gain of ATP from Oxidative Respiration is 34 ATP

subunits biomolecules  When a cow eats corn it breaks that corn down into the subunits of biomolecules. Glucose  One such subunit is Glucose. Cellular Respiration  Glucose is transferred to cells throughout the body. In each cell, Cellular Respiration occurs.

Glucose Energy (ATPCarbon Dioxide WaterOxygen  This process breaks Glucose down & produces Energy (ATP), Carbon Dioxide and Water. Without Oxygen this cannot occur.   This process requires a little energy to get started, but then produces much more than was spent.

Process CostGainNet Gain Glycolysis 2ATP 4 ATP 2 ATP Oxidative Respiration (Krebs & ETC) 34 ATP [2 – Krebs 32 – ETC] 34 ATP Cellular Respiration (both processes)2ATP 38 ATP 36 ATP