9.4 The Allies Turn the Tide Understand how nations committed all of their resources to fighting World War II. Explain how the Allies began to push back the Axis powers in Europe and the Pacific. Describe the Normandy landings and the Allied advance toward Germany.

OBJECTIVE Understand how nations committed all of their resources to fighting World War II.

A Commitment to Total War In Total War, nations devote all of their resources to war effort. Britain and the U.S. ordered factories to stop producing cars and other goods and make airplanes and tanks instead. Raised money by selling war bonds. – Loaning your government money to be repaid later with interest.

Continued… War time placed limits on economic freedoms. – Govt. rationed amount of goods you could buy. Rubber Tin Gasoline Certain foods

Continued… Prices and wages were also regulated. U.S., war stimulated economy by creating millions of jobs. The unemployment from the Great Depression was almost wiped out.

Limits on Individual Rights Democratic governments censored the press and used propaganda to win public support for the war. U.S. and Canada, racial prejudice and security concerns led to internment camps (Citizens of Japanese descent). In Britain (Germans, Austrians and Italians) were subjected to internment. U.S. and Canada provided former internees with reparations (payment for damages).

Women Help Win the War As men joined the military, millions of women around the world replaced them in industry jobs. Women built ships and planes and produced munitions. Women served in the armed Forces by driving ambulances, Delivering airplanes and Decoding messages. Soviet women served in combat Roles.

OBJECTIVE REVIEW How did nations commit all of their resources to fighting World War II?

New Objective Explain how the Allies began to push back the Axis powers in Europe and the Pacific.

Progress on Three Fronts World War 2 was fought in 3 places – North Africa and Italy – Soviet Union – Pacific Ocean

Japan Suffers Setbacks Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942 – lasted 5 days. – Ships engaged in battle without seeing each other. – Attacks were carried out by planes launched from aircraft carriers.

Continued… Allies sank one Japanese aircraft carrier and multiple ships and prevented Japan from taking over islands in the Pacific. Battle of Midway – June 1942 – Fought in the air – 4 Carriers, 250 Japanese planes destroyed by allies – Stopped all Japanese offensive operations. – General Tojo faced criticism at home following loss.

“Big Three” Strategize Big Three = FDR, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin – Agreed to focus on finishing the war in Europe before trying to end the war in Asia. Allies always distrusted each other. – Stalin wanted a second front against Germany in Western Europe to ease the pressure on the Soviets. – Churchill and Roosevelt replied that they didn’t have the resources.

Victory in North Africa British forces fought against Rommel. November 1942, Battle of El Alamein, Allies halted Desert Fox’s advance. Allies tanks drove Axis powers back across Libya into Tunisia.

Continued… Later in 1942, General Dwight Eisenhower took over forces in Morocco and Algeria. Allies trapped Rommel’s army in Tunisia which surrendered in May 1943.

Allied Invasion of Italy With North Africa under their control the allies were able to cross the Mediterranean into Italy.

Continued… British and American army landed first in Sicily then in southern Italy. They defeated the Italians in about a month. Italians overthrew Mussolini and signed an armistice. For the next 18 months Allies slowly pushed north into Italy while fighting off German resistance that Hitler sent to save Mussolini. Weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front.

Turning Point in Stalingrad In November of 1942, Soviets surrounded their attackers (Germans). Trapped, without food or ammunition, the German commander finally surrendered in January Following the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviets took the offensive.

A Second Front in Europe By 1944, finally the Allies were ready to open up a second front in Europe by invading France. General Dwight Eisenhower was made the supreme Allied commander. – Planned operation – Assembled troops and supplies.

Continued… Allies bombed German factories and destroyed aircrafts. Destroyed cities in Germany. Bombed railroads and bridges in France that could carry German war supplies.

New Objective Describe the Normandy landings and the Allied advance toward Germany.

The Normandy Landings June 6 th, 1944, known as D-Day, the invasion of France. June 5 th, Allies dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines. At Dawn, thousands of Allied ships ferried 156,000 troops across the English Channel. Fought their way to shore, through underwater mines and machine gun fire.

The Liberation of France Allies clawed their way inland at Normandy. August 25th, 1944 Allies enter Paris. – Within a month, all of France was freed.

Advancing Toward Germany Allies pushed through France towards Germany. Germans launched massive counter-offensive at Battle of the Bulge (Belgium, 1944). – Battle lasted > 1 month – Germany’s last major attack.

Continued… Germany was suffering from continuous bombings around the clock which lasted 2 consecutive years. By 1945, the defeat of Germany seemed inevitable.

The Yalta Conference As the allies advanced on Germany, the Big Three met in the Soviet city of Yalta.

Continued… Big Three planned for final stages of war and post- war Europe. – Soviets insisted they should control Eastern Europe to protect itself from future aggression. – Western Powers favored self-determination (right to choose govt.) – Plan for Germany was to divide it into 4 zones to be governed by the allies.

Continued… With the war in North Africa over, and the war in Europe almost over, the Allies were less certain about the fight in the Pacific. – Eager to enlist Stalin and the Soviets to help. – Stalin agreed to join within 3 months of Germany surrendering. – In return, the Western powers promised Stalin Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands and an occupation in Korea.

Objective Review Describe the Normandy landing and the Allies advance toward Germany.