Congress of Vienna Re-building Napoleonic Europe Re-building Napoleonic Europe

Congress of Vienna Timeline  Begins after Napoleon surrenders to the allied powers in Paris after 150,000 troops marched into the city  May 1814: first Treaty of Paris signed by Allies - restores Bourbon line to the throne and reduces France to pre-1792 borders  September 1814: Congress of Vienna convened  March 1815: Napoleon’s 100 Days  June 8, 1815: Final act of Congress signed  June 15, 1815: Battle of Waterloo  May 21, 1821: Napoleon dies on St. Helena  Begins after Napoleon surrenders to the allied powers in Paris after 150,000 troops marched into the city  May 1814: first Treaty of Paris signed by Allies - restores Bourbon line to the throne and reduces France to pre-1792 borders  September 1814: Congress of Vienna convened  March 1815: Napoleon’s 100 Days  June 8, 1815: Final act of Congress signed  June 15, 1815: Battle of Waterloo  May 21, 1821: Napoleon dies on St. Helena

Congress of Vienna  Peace Conference - purpose?  Diplomats from almost all European states  Dominated by landed classes/aristocracy  Conservative philosophy  Restore pre-revolution status quo  Peace Conference - purpose?  Diplomats from almost all European states  Dominated by landed classes/aristocracy  Conservative philosophy  Restore pre-revolution status quo

Participants - Big Four Alexander I Russia Klemens von Metternich Austria Prince Hardenberg Prussia Viscount Castlereagh England

France  Louis XVIII’s representative  Charles de Talleyrand  Goal to exclude France  Talleyrand skillfully inserts himself  Louis XVIII’s representative  Charles de Talleyrand  Goal to exclude France  Talleyrand skillfully inserts himself

Chief Concerns  Stability/Peace: What to do about France?  Redrawing the map of Europe  Who gets what? What gov’t should be in charge?  Stability/Peace: What to do about France?  Redrawing the map of Europe  Who gets what? What gov’t should be in charge?

Key Principles  Achieving Stability/Peace  Legitimacy - Restore gov’ts that reject revolutionary principles (status quo)  Bourbons in France, Spain, Kingdom of 2 Sicilies  Not all gov’ts restored? HRE? Why?  Balance of Power - Check universal monarchy  European diplomatic goal  Key: don’t crush France  Compensation - Adequate but not excessive  Avoid large territorial claims  Balance of power considerations  Achieving Stability/Peace  Legitimacy - Restore gov’ts that reject revolutionary principles (status quo)  Bourbons in France, Spain, Kingdom of 2 Sicilies  Not all gov’ts restored? HRE? Why?  Balance of Power - Check universal monarchy  European diplomatic goal  Key: don’t crush France  Compensation - Adequate but not excessive  Avoid large territorial claims  Balance of power considerations

Territorial Decisions: The New Europe  France boundaries  Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic/Austrian Netherlands)  Prussia: East bank of the Rhine  Austria: Northern Italy  Great Britain given Malta, Cape Colony, Ceylon  Switzerland: Neutrality  German Confederation - 39 states  Diet: No executive power  Norway transferred to Sweden  France boundaries  Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic/Austrian Netherlands)  Prussia: East bank of the Rhine  Austria: Northern Italy  Great Britain given Malta, Cape Colony, Ceylon  Switzerland: Neutrality  German Confederation - 39 states  Diet: No executive power  Norway transferred to Sweden  Pope restored in Papal States  King of Sardinia restored in Piedmont, Nice, Savoy/Genoa  Duchies of Piacenza and Guastalla given to Marie Louise, Napoleon’s wife  Hapsburgs restored in Grand Tuscany/Modena  Slave trade condemned  Freedom of navigation guaranteed for many rivers - Rhine

Territorial Decisions: The New Europe

 Russian-Prussian Deal: Russians get independent Polish kingdom in exchange Prussia gets Saxony  Unacceptable to Austrians and British - Talleyrand exerts his power  January 3, 1815: Secret treaty-->War  Compromise  Russia - “Congress Poland”  Prussia - 2/5 of Saxony Polish-Saxon Crisis

 Preserving the Agreement  Internally: “Tough” Government  Conservative  Carlsbad Decrees  Externally: Cooperative Action - work together to stop threats  “Concert of Europe”  Congress of Troppau  Holy Allance: Austria, Prussia, Russia Establishment of Congress System: New World Order Francis I Frederick William III Alexander I

 Weaknesses?  Strengths ? Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna