1 Basic Structure of a Cell copyright cmassengale

2 Review Facts About Living Things copyright cmassengale

3 What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1.Made of CELLS 2.Require ENERGY (food) 3.REPRODUCE (species) 4.Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5.ORGANIZED 6.RESPOND to environment 7.GROW and DEVELOP 8.EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases) copyright cmassengale

4 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: 1.ATOM (element) 2.MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) 3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …) copyright cmassengale

5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: 1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms) 2.TISSUE (cells working together 3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) 4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) 5.ORGANISM copyright cmassengale

6 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels continued: 1.POPULATION (one species in an area) 2.COMMUNITY (several populations in an area 3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …) 4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…) 5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving things on Earth) copyright cmassengale

7 History of Cells & the Cell Theory Cell Specialization copyright cmassengale

8 First to View Cells In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) What he saw looked like small boxes copyright cmassengale

9 First to View Cells Hooke is responsible for naming cells Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells copyright cmassengale

10 Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth copyright cmassengale

11 Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory copyright cmassengale

12 Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells Schwann also cofounded the cell theory copyright cmassengale

13 Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division copyright cmassengale

14 CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division) copyright cmassengale

15 Discoveries Since the Cell Theory copyright cmassengale

16 ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY In 1970, American biologist, Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA Chloroplast and Mitochondria copyright cmassengale

17copyright cmassengale

18 Cell Size and Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Animal CellPlant Cell Bacterial Cell copyright cmassengale

19 Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. copyright cmassengale

20 CELL SIZE Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter copyright cmassengale

21 Which Cell Type is Larger? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cellbacteria copyright cmassengale

22 How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ? 1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns copyright cmassengale

23 Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions) copyright cmassengale

24 Cell Specialization Cells in a multi- cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off This is known as DIFFERENTIATION copyright cmassengale

25 Specialized Animal Cells Muscle cellsRed blood cells Cheek cells copyright cmassengale

26 Specialized Plant cells Xylem cells Pollen Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

27 Organization Levels of Life Atoms to Organisms copyright cmassengale

28 ATOMS  MOLECULES  ORGANELLES Nonliving Levels copyright cmassengale

29 CELLS – life starts here TISSUES – Similar cells working together Living Levels   copyright cmassengale

30 ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM Different tissues working together Different organs working together  More Living Levels copyright cmassengale

31 Simple or Complex Cells copyright cmassengale

32 Prokaryotes – The first Cells Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Includes bacteria Simplest type of cell Single, circular chromosome copyright cmassengale

33 Prokaryotes Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan) Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins copyright cmassengale

34 Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals More complex type of cells copyright cmassengale

35 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles copyright cmassengale

36 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell copyright cmassengale

37 Organelles copyright cmassengale

38 Organelles Very ___________ (Microscopic) Perform ______________for a cell Found in the _____________ May or may not be _________ ___________ copyright cmassengale small various functions cytoplasm membrane- bound

39 Animal Cell Organelles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles

40 Plant Cell Organelles

41 Cell or Plasma Membrane Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Composed of _______________________and _____________ ____________outside of _______________ Controls what _________________________ ________________ double layer of phospholipids proteins Surrounds ALL cells enters or leaves the cell Living layer

42 Phospholipids _________ contain glycerol & phosphate and are _________(attract water) _________ are made of ____ _____ and are ____________ (repel water) Make up a ______ where ___ point _____ toward each other Can move laterally to allow _______________(O 2, CO 2, & H 2 O to enter) copyright cmassengale Heads hydrophilic Tails fatty acidshydrophobic bilayertails inward small molecules

43 The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

44 Cell Membrane Proteins Proteins help ________ large molecules or aid in __________________ ________________are attached on the surface (inner or outer) ________________are embedded completely through the membrane copyright cmassengale move cell recognition Peripheral proteins Integral proteins

45 Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS Glycoproteins have __________________to act as markers for cell recognition carbohydrate tails

46 Lies immediately ______________ ______ in plant cells Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell _________ Cell Membrane in Plants Cell membrane against the cell wall shape

47 ___________ layer Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria Made of _________ in plants Made of _____________ in bacteria Made of _______in Fungi Cell wall Cell Wall Nonliving cellulose peptidoglycan chitin

48 Cell Wall _____________ and _____________cell Found outside of the ________________ Supports protects cell membrane

49 _______________ substance enclosed by ____________ Provides a medium for __________ _____________to take place Cytoplasm of a Cell cytoplasm Jelly-like cell membrane chemical reactions

50 Contains ________ to carry out specific jobs Found in _____ cells More on Cytoplasm cytoplasm organelles ALL

51 Controls the normal ________ of the cell Contains the DNA in chromosomes Bounded by a ________________ (membrane) with pores Usually the largest organelle The Control Organelle - Nucleus nuclear envelope

52 Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry __________ Genes control cell characteristics Nucleus More on the Nucleus genes

53 Nuclear Envelope ______________ surrounding nucleus Also called nuclear membrane Contains _____________for materials to enter & leave nucleus Connected to the _________ Nuclear pores copyright cmassengale Double membrane nuclear pores rough ER

54 Inside the Nucleus - The genetic material (DNA) is found DNA is spread out And appears as _________________ in non-dividing cells DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in _________________ CHROMATIN dividing cells

55 What Does DNA do? DNA is the ___________ ___________of the cell _______ that make up the DNA molecule code for different ___________ hereditary material Genes proteins

56 Nucleolus __________________________ Cell may have __ ______ nucleoliCell may have __ ______ nucleoli _________ when cell divides_________ when cell divides _____________ that make proteins_____________ that make proteins Inside nucleus 1 to 3 Disappears Makes ribosomes

57 Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain ______________________ Also help _______organelles around Made of _______________ __________________ are threadlike & made of ACTIN ____________are tubelike & made of TUBULIN cell shape move proteins Microfilaments Microtubules

58 Cytoskeleton ______________ ________________ copyright cmassengale MICRTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS

59 Centrioles Found only in _______ cells _________ structures near nucleus Made of bundle of __________________ Appear during ______________ forming mitotic spindle Help to _____ chromosome pairs _______ to opposite ends of the cell animal Paired microtubules cell division pull apart

60 Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) copyright cmassengale

61 Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) “Powerhouse” of the cell Generate cellular _______ _________ More active cells like _____ cells have _________ mitochondria Both ______________ cells have mitochondria Site of __________ _______________(burning glucose) energy (ATP) muscle MORE plants & animal CELLULAR RESPIRATION

62 MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a _______ membrane Folded inner membrane called ___________(increases surface area for more chemical Reactions) Has its own _____ Interior called _________ DOUBLE DNA CRISTAE MATRIX

63 Interesting Fact --- Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … You inherit your mitochondria from your ____________ copyright cmassengale Mother !

64 ___________ Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape

65 What do mitochondria do? Burns glucose to _____________(ATP) Stores energy as ____ “Power plant” of the cell release energy ATP

66 Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER Two kinds of ER ---_______ & ________ Network of _______ membrane tubules Connects to ______________________& ________________ Functions in _____________of cell products & _________ hollow nuclear envelope cell membrane synthesis transport ROUGHSMOOTH

67 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Has _________ on its surface Makes membrane ___________and proteins for ___________ out of cell ribosomes proteins EXPORT

68 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Proteins are made by ___________ on ER surface They are then threaded into the ____________ of the Rough ER to be modified and _______________ copyright cmassengale ribosomes interior transported

69 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum _____________ lacks ribosomes on its surface Is attached to the ends of __________ Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE __________ copyright cmassengale Smooth ER rough ER the cell

70 Functions of the Smooth ER Makes membrane lipids (________) Regulates ________(muscle cells) Destroys ______ substances (Liver) copyright cmassengale steroids calcium toxic

71 Endomembrane System Includes ____________membrane connected to _____connected to _______membrane (transport) nuclear ER cell

72 Ribosomes Made of __________and _______ “Protein factories” for cell Join ___________to make proteins Process called ________________  PROTEINS rRNA amino acids protein synthesis

73 Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

74 Golgi Bodies Stacks of ___________Stacks of ___________ Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face)Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face) Receive __________ made by ERReceive __________ made by ER __________________ with modified proteins pinch off the ends__________________ with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle CIS TRANS flattened sacs proteins Transport vesicles

75 Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes _____, ____, & _______ molecules from ER for ________OR ___________out of cell Modifysortpackage storage transport

76 Golgi

77 Golgi Animation Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES

78 Lysosomes Contain ________ ___________Contain ________ ___________ Break down ________, ________, and _____ out cell parts for cellsBreak down ________, ________, and _____ out cell parts for cells Programmed for _____ ________(AUTOLYSIS)Programmed for _____ ________(AUTOLYSIS) Lyse (break open) & release _________to break down & recycle cell parts)Lyse (break open) & release _________to break down & recycle cell parts) digestive enzymes food bacteriaworn cell death enzymes

79 Lysosome Digestion Cells take in food by ____________ Lysosomes ________the food & get rid of __________ phagocytosis digest wastes

80 Cilia & Flagella Made of protein tubes called _____________ Microtubules arranged (_______arrangement) Function in moving _______, in moving _______, or in small particles across the cell surface microtubules cells fluids

81 Cilia & Flagella ______are shorter and more numerous on cells _________ are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells Cilia Flagella

82 Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella

83 Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs Respiratory System

84 Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks for ____________ Small or absent in animal cells Plant cells have a __________ ____________ ___________in bacterial cells storage Large central vacuole No vacuoles

85 Vacuoles In plants, they store _________ Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes copyright cmassengale Cell Sap

86 Contractile Vacuole Found in unicellular protists like ________________ ______________intake by pumping ___ excess (homeostasis) Keeps the cell from lysing (__________) Contractile vacuole animation paramecia Regulate water out bursting

87 Chloroplasts Found only in _______(organisms containing ______________) Use energy from __________to make own food (________) Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of __________ producers chlorophyll sunlight glucose Sugars

88 Chloroplasts Surrounded by ________ membrane Outer membrane smooth ________membrane modified into sacs called _____________ Thylakoids in stacks called ________& interconnected _________– gel like material surrounding thylakoids DOUBLE Inner Thylakoids Grana Stroma

89 Chloroplasts Contains its own _________ Contains enzymes & pigments for ____________ ______in animal or bacterial cells ____________– food making process DNA Photosynthesis Never Photosynthesis

90 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?

91 Factors Affecting Cell Size ______________(plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W) ________of a cell is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H) Therefore, Volume increases _______ than the surface area Surface area Volume FASTER

92 Cell Size When the surface area is no longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the cell ___________ Therefore, the cells of an organism are _______in size must divide close

93 Cell Size Question: Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse? About the same size, but … The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse!

94copyright cmassengale