Welcome to Effective Writing 1- CM 107 Unit 4: Seminar with Sheila Hageman  Feel free to chat and get acquainted until class begins. This session is held 8:00-9:00 PM (EST). Once the seminar starts, please keep all comments relevant to the class topic.

Review: The Heroic Writer’s Journey  Thesis?  Types of Paragraphs?  Academic Writing?  ?s

Unit 4: Temptation: A Test for the Hero We’ll learn about the ways we can correctly incorporate research into our writing through quoting and paraphrasing and avoid the temptation of taking shortcuts.

Unit 4 Seminar: APA, Paraphrasing, and Quoting This week we will discuss APA, why we use it, and how to use it correctly

What is the purpose of using and documenting sources? Sources are the ways writers obtain additional information for their papers. Sources may be primary: The writer becomes the researcher (e.g., observations, interviews, surveys, personal experience) The writer uses ‘raw data’ (e.g., the U.S. Census) that hasn’t been interpreted by others Sources may be secondary: Scholarly books, peer-reviewed articles, etc. Sources are part of the ongoing dialog within a field of study that will include you. Why document sources? Credit should be given for our work. ‘Intellectual property’ must not be stolen. Writers will be more credible in the view of their audience. [We want that in an academic or job-related context when faculty, supervisors, clients, etc. are evaluating our work, right?]

What’s in it for me? An opinion can’t be wrong, right? Doesn’t my professor/boss/co- worker/client, etc. want to hear what I think? Who’s going to care if I have the citations and references included? Isn’t this just another one of those “English teacher” things? I’m tempted to just not do it. I can’t get marked down outside of a Composition class, right?

What is plagiarism? What is plagiarism and how can it be avoided? Styles of citation- APA, MLA, ASA, AMA. We typically use APA at Kaplan University. Using a good reference for citation.

How are sources integrated into the paper? Introduce the source to your audience with an attributive tag the first time it is used: According to Sheila Hageman (2011, March 21), Kaplan University faculty member, students love writing and look forward to the weekly CM 107 audio seminars. Use a mixture of paraphrases, summaries, and direct quotations. Use quotations sparingly and be sure to indicate them with “quotation marks” and page/paragraph numbers. Be sure to make it a smooth transition into and out of the source information.

What is a reference page, and when must you include a reference page with your work? 9

The Reference Page The reference page is the list of materials you used in your writing. Whenever you use someone else's words or ideas, the source of that material must be listed on a reference page. The reference page is a separate page at the end of your work. 10

How to Avoid Forgetting to Include Sources One of the ways I avoid problems is by doing my reference page at the same time as I am writing my paper. Every time I use information from a source, I immediately put it the in text citation (author’s last name, date) and then scroll down and put the reference on my Reference Page. 11

What is APA style? A standard, agreed upon way of formatting an academic paper and documenting sources An expectation of academic writers and of professionals in certain fields A loyal friend who will make you look good and sound even more intelligent A somewhat boring, but not impossible task that you can learn by copying

The Reference Page: Book Frankl, V. (1984). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Simon & Schuster. Author's last name, first initial, not first name Publication date in parenthesis, followed by a period Name of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a period City where the book was published, followed by a colon (:) Name of the publishing company, followed by a period 13

Notice the Hanging Indent Frankl, V. (1984). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Simon & Schuster. The first line of the reference begins at the left margin. Additional lines are indented 5-7 spaces. 14

In What Order Should The Items on a Reference Page Be Listed? 15

Alphabetical Order Frankl, V. (1984). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Simon & Schuster. Items on the reference page must be in alphabetical order. First preference for alphabetizing is the author's last name. What if there is no author? What do you do then? 16

If You Don’t Have an Author Ave Maria may be forced to repay loans. (2004, July 9). The News-Press, p. B2. Alphabetize by the title of the article. There may be times when the author isn’t listed. In that case, begin with the title of the article (if there is one). What if there is no author and no article title? 17

Alphabetize By the Name of the Book, Magazine, or Web Site. Alan Furman & Co. Retrieved on July 18, 2003, from the World Wide Web This will probably happen most frequently with web sites. Alphabetize by the name of the web site, but do NOT alphabetize using a web address ( Information retrieved from the Internet often does not list complete reference information. You can put ONLY what you can find. 18

How to Cite Web Sites A web site is not the same as the Kaplan electronic databases, which are part of a library. Web sites are not part of any library. Instead, they are online sites that people post for varying reasons. Sometimes you don’t have a lot of information about a web site, so use only what you have. Do NOT under any circumstances list only a web address or alphabetize by www. If you can't find an author or an article title, alphabetize by the name of the web site. 19

How to Cite Web Sites Dooley, M. (2008). The story. Totally Unique Thoughts. Retrieved August 18, 2008, from Remember that a web site citation ends with "Retrieved on” date YOU found the information “from” web address. 20

Databases Let's talk about articles from the Kaplan Library Electronic Databases since you are using so many from that source. What are Electronic Databases? 21

Databases Electronic databases are an online library. Articles contained in the databases were originally published in hard copy form in a magazine, newspaper, or journal. For example, the articles might come from such sources as US News and World Report, Time, Nation, Christian Science Monitor, USA Today. What are the names of some of the Kaplan Electronic Databases? 22

Databases MasterFile Premier, Academic Search Premier, Business Source Elite, Proquest Criminal Justice, Newspaper Source, Health Source Nursing are all Kaplan electronic databases. Kaplan also has a number of other databases. On the reference page, how do you indicate that you have taken information from one of the Kaplan Electronic Databases? 23

Databases Author's last name, first initial. (date published). Title of article. Name of Magazine, volume, (issue). Retrieved on date you found the article, from name of database. If you read articles from an online database, you must indicate that. You must use the word RETRIEVED followed by the date YOU found the article and then the word FROM and the name of the database. 24

Databases Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. US News and World Report, 135 (20). Retrieved February 16, 2004, from Academic Search Premier database. Notice how the end of the reference names the database Also note that you must include the name of the magazine as well as the title of the article 25

When You Use Borrowed Material, Where Must You Give Credit? 26

Using Borrowed Material In your essays, you MUST cite all borrowed material in TWO places: in the text and on the reference page. In the text, borrowed material is followed by the source in parenthesis. The same information must appear on the reference page. Interviews are an exception as they are documented in the text only. 27

What Is a Quotation? 28

What Is a Quotation? A quotation is when you use someone else's exact words. How do you indicate to the reader that you are using someone else's words? 29

What Is a Quotation? To indicate that you are using someone else's words, place those words within quotation marks and cite. What do you put in the text to tell your reader the source of your information? 30

What Is a Quotation? Use the word you alphabetize by on the reference page as the first word in your parenthesis. Reference Page: Smith, J. (1999) In the text: (Smith, 1999, p. 25). If there isn't any author listed, use the title of the article. Reference Page: To test or not to test (2005) In the text: (To test, 2005) 31

Consider this reference Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. US News and World Report, 135 (20). Retrieved February 16, 2004, from Academic Search Elite database. What would an in text citation for this article look like? 32

And the Answer Is The in-text citation and the reference page must match. In the text: (Lord, 2003) Reference Page: Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. US News and World Report, 135 (20). Retrieved February 16, 2004, from Academic Search Elite database. 33

What Is a Paraphrase? 34

What Is a Paraphrase? A paraphrase is when you put someone else’s words into your own words. You can't copy and paste a few words from different sentences and call it your own. Either reword the information completely or put it within quotation marks. When paraphrasing, avoid plagiarizing accidentally by using your own words and sentence structure. If you include an author's exact words, enclose them in quotation marks. 35

Must You Cite When You Paraphrase? 36

Yes! Even though you are using your own words, you still need to include an in text citation that identifies the original source of the ideas. You must also include it on your reference page. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, after the borrowed material, document: (author’s last name, date, page number). 37

Example of a Quotation and Citation Quotation: “Thoughts become things” (Dooley, 2008). When quoting, use the author’s exact words and place those words within quotation marks. The in text citations can be placed at the end of the quotation with the period after the citation. Alternative method of quoting: According to writer and speaker Mike Dooley (2008), “Thoughts become things.” If you use the author’s name in the sentence with the quotation, put the date after the author’s name instead of at the end. 38

Example of a Paraphrase and Citation Quotation: “Thoughts become things” (Dooley, 2008). Paraphrase: According to Mike Dooley (2008), the author of the TUT Adventurers’ web site, the thoughts that a person holds in his or her mind become manifested in the material world. OR Thinking produces tangible results. (Dooley, 2008) Note that in both paraphrases, all the important words were changed. 39

Any remaining questions and concerns? Looking at this week’s work. Do the reading. Discussion: Respond to questions regarding the writer Glass’s behavior at The New Republic.

Thank you for a great seminar! Have a wonderful week! Sheila