End of unit test (Major) Monday 13th September Topics: 1.History of Psychology 2.Definitions 3.Everything covered on the Understanding the Research Process Summary Sheets 4.MECG 5.Culture & ethics 6.Identifying the IV (independent variable) & DV (dependent variable) 7.Identifying the aims, procedures, findings and conclusions of a study 8.Evaluating (looking at the strengths & weaknesses) of studies

IB Psychology SL Welcome!

Essential Questions What does the IB psych course look like? What are my responsibilities as an IB Psychology student? What is the definition of psychology? What are the main areas of psychology and how has it developed over time?

What's psychology all about? On a piece of binder paper:- 1)Write a definition of psychology 2)Write down three things that you know about how we behave 3)Write down how you know those things? You can work in pairs

In threes – discuss what this microscope symbolizes, and summarize on the same sheet What is psychology? Extension activity : sketch this diagram

What is psychology? Psychology is the systematic (scientific) study of behaviour and mental processes. Psychology has its roots in both the natural and social sciences, leading to a variety of research designs and applications, and providing a unique approach to understanding modern society. IB psychology examines the interaction of biological, cognitive and sociocultural influences on human behaviour, thereby adopting an integrative approach. Understanding how psychological knowledge is generated, developed and applied enables students to achieve a greater understanding of themselves and appreciate the diversity of human behaviour. The ethical concerns raised by the methodology and application of psychological research are key considerations in IB psychology.

Classroom Poster scavenger hunt 1)What are some of the important questions surrounding the study of cognition? 2)What are some of the functions of the frontal lobe of the brain? 3)What are our five senses? 4)Name three points to consider when evaluating psychological research 5)What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allow us to do? 6)What are two key social psychological questions? 7)What is abnormal psychology? 8)What are some of the symptoms of depression? 9)What is at the middle of every neuron? 10)When discussing psychological theories and studies critically, name three points that must be considered 11)What are the three Levels of Analysis we will study in this course? 12)What is the first Unit of this course? 13)What is the name of the textbook for this course? Look at the posters in the psychology classroom and answer the following

What Psychology isn’t…. Open your textbooks to page 8 and read the section ‘Pop Psych & Psychobabble’ and answer these questions 1.How is the term pop psych used? 2.What is psychobabble? 3.What is the difference between scientific psychology and pop psychology? 4.What type of psychology will we be studying on this course?

Quick Quiz 1.What is the definition of psychology? 2.What is psychology not? What is the name for ‘psychology’ not supported by scientific evidence? 3.Explain how the microscope diagram represents psychology? 4.What are the three levels of analysis studied on this course? 5.what language does the symbol ‘Ψ’ come from and what does it stand for? 6.What is the exact topic you are doing your poster on? 7.When is the poster assignment due? 8.Do you have to give an oral presentation on your poster? 9.What are three important things to remember when completing a poster? 10.What are three important things to remember when giving a presentation? 11.Where can you get the rubric for the poster assignment? 12.What is the web address of the wiki page for this course? 13.If you have any additional questions – when should you come and see me? 14.What do you want to achieve in today's lesson? (with regards to the poster task)

Getting information…. In student resources you will find a pdf called ‘psychology through diagrams’ – there is info on all the topics there The Complete IB syllabus (on the wiki) Use the internet Your textbook can also be helpful to you

The History of Psychology philosophy biology physics When did psychology start? 1879 structuralismfunctionalismpsychoanalysis behaviorism cognitive biological sociocultural 1800s Definition of psychology Where did psychology come from? How did psychology develop? s 1940s present

Writing a summary Your task is to write two paragraphs (approximately 300 words) the first paragraph should be a summary of the History of Psychology based on the work we have done as a class: Make sure you have a clear topic sentence at the beginning of your paragraph which states what you will write The paragraph on the history of psychology is a ‘sequential paragraph’ - Start with the earliest influences on psychology and then take it through the three main levels of analysis studied today (about 200 words) The second paragraph should be a reflection on the first week of psychology and your general feelings about the course at this stage. (about 100 words) You can write the paragraphs in MS word, save them and then paste them onto the wiki as homework – if it does not fit in one box then do two posts – be sure to post as a REPLY

Quick Quiz 1)What is the definition of psychology? 2)What date is commonly seen as the start of modern psychology? 3)State how Philosophy has influenced Psychology 4)Give one major contribution from the field of Biology to the psychology 5)How did the structuralists seek to explain human behavior? 6)What did the functionalists believe was the most important factor for us to consider when studying behavior? 7)The psychoanalysts emphasized the importance of the u__________s mind when attempting to understand human behavior 8)Name a famous Psychologist from the psychodynamic approach to understanding behavior 9)What did the behaviorists emphasize the need to study? 10)What are the three main levels of analysis in modern psychology? 11)When did cognitive psychology begin to develop?

The stages of the scientific method 1.The scientist is confronted with a problem requiring explanation. 2.The scientist analyses the problem in the light of relevant theory. 3.From the theory, the scientist decides specific hypotheses to be tested. 4.Through observation or experiment the scientist tests out his or her hypothesis, using accurate measurement, under controlled conditions. 5.As a result, he or she obtains data. 6.The data is analysed to establish whether the hypothesis can be supported or refuted by the fact or results. 7.The hypothesis and theory are adjusted in the light of the results, and the findings are published. Activity: take some v. brief bullet pointed notes on this

Research in Psychology Psychology is one of the human sciences, so psychology empirical (scientific) methodology in order to gather data about behavior Question – looking at the history of psychology which areas do you think use the scientific method? Psychologists apply the scientific method to the study of behavior – but it is not without its problems……..

The scientific method in action Activity: Apply the scientific method to examine how raisins act in different liquids, note down your: 1)Aim 2) Hypothesis 3) Method/Procedure– what variables will you record? (IV & DV) What is controlled? 4) Results (Findings) 5) Conclusion/evaluation discuss and evaluate (strengths and weaknesses) the methodology you used -

Dancing raisins Raisins are denser than the liquid in the soda, so initially they sink to the bottom of the glass. The carbonated soft drink releases carbon dioxide bubbles. When these bubbles stick to the rough surface of a raisin, the raisin is lifted because of the increase in buoyancy. When the raisin reaches the surface, the bubbles pop, and the carbon dioxide gas escapes into the air. This causes the raisin to lose buoyancy and sink. This rising and sinking of the raisins continues until most of the carbon dioxide has escaped, and the soda goes flat. Furthermore, with time the raisin gets soggy and becomes too heavy to rise to the surface.

Discussion points? The amount of water? Size of raisin? Quantitiative or qualitative data? Time? Height dropped in the water? Number of raisins? Time taken to fall to the bottom? Did you note down your data? – did you analyze it? Extraneous variable?

How does this study relate to psychology? Well – the same method is used to investigate human behavior Activity: So now in your same groups, imagine you want to carry out an experiment to investigate ‘whether chocolate makes you smarter?” So…..there were many problems with the observation you conducted, and this is also the case with psychology – so lets have a go at some psychological research and discuss these problems….

Chocolate increases cognitive performance A West Virginia professor has good news for chocoholics -- eating chocolate improves memory, reaction time and cognitive ability. Dr. Bryan Raudenbush of Wheeling Jesuit University led the study, "Effects of Chocolate Consumption on Enhancing Cognitive Performance," Reliable Plant reported. He found that subjects who had consumed either milk chocolate or dark chocolate 15 minutes before they were tested performed better than those given carob or nothing at all. "These findings provide support for nutrient release via chocolate consumption to enhance cognitive performance," Raudenbush said.

Carrying out psychological research So now in your same groups, imagine you want to carry out an experiment to investigate the effect of ‘chocolate on STM performance’ How would you carry out research to find out about this?

Short-term Memory Selective attention determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory. STM is most often stored as sounds, especially in recalling words, but may be stored as images. STM can be transferred to LTM though rehearsal. Limited capacity and duration: Works like RAM memory in computers; provides a working space. Is thought to be 7 bits in length, that is, we normally only remember 7 items (Miller, 1956). Let’s try the STM Visual Memory Task to see if this is true. – You have 30 seconds to look at the following picture and remember as many objects as possible.

Visual Short-term Memory Now write down the names of all the objects you can remember. How many objects did you remember?

Evaluation in Psychology MCEG Methodology Culture Ethics Gender Controls? – Variables? Reliability? Validity? Ecological validity? From what culture are the PPs? Is it generalisable? Are PPs protected from psychological and physical harm? APA/BPS Guidelines followed? Equal no of M & F PPs? Can results be generalised?

Experimental research design in psychology Topic Aim Research Hypothesis Dependent variable Independent variable Method – Design, participants, materials, procedures Results Discussion – Evaluation - alternative explanations, ethics, confounding variables Activity: Lets write up this as a group

Evaluation in Psychology MCEG Methodology Culture Ethics Gender Controls? Variables? Reliability (is it replicable)? Validity (Ecological and Cross cultural) ? From what culture are the PPs? Is it generalisable? Are PPs protected from psychological and physical harm? Informed consent & debreifing? APA Guidelines followed? Equal no of M & F PPs? Can results be Generalised?

Points to consider when evaluating research 1. Is the study based on a representative group of people (sample)? 2.Was the study conducted in a laboratory or in a natural setting? 3.Where what the participants where asked to do far from real life? 4.Are the findings of the study supported by the findings of other studies? 5.Do the findings have a practical relevance? 6.Ethical considerations

Understanding Psychological research: Mini Presentations In 4 groups you have 7 minutes to prepare a mini presentation covering the following questions to the rest of the class Without reading from your notes Your presentation should not be longer than 5 minutes long

Sampling Methods 1.What are participants? 2.What is a representative sample? 3.What is opportunity sampling & what are its strengths and weaknesses? 4.What is a self selected sample and what are its strengths & weaknesses? 5.What is snowball sampling and what are its strengths and weaknesses? 6.What is random sampling & what are its strengths and weaknesses? 7.What is stratified sampling & what are its strengths and weaknesses?

APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines 1.Why are ethical guidelines particularly important when carrying out psychological research? 2.What is informed consent and why is it important? 3.What is debriefing and why is it important? 4.What is the right to withdraw and why is it important? 5.What is participant confidentiality and why is it important? 6.What is protection from psychological and physical harm and why is it important? **use examples to enhance your explanation of these ethical guidelines**

Reliability & Validity 1.Why should we consider whether research has applications? 2.What is cross cultural validity? 3.What is ecological validity? 4.What is reliability? **use examples to enhance your explanation of reliability and validity**

Six questions to ask when evaluating research 1. Is the study based on a representative group of people (sample)? 2.Was the study conducted in a laboratory or in a natural setting? 3.Where what the participants where asked to do far from real life? 4.Are the findings of the study supported by the findings of other studies? 5.Do the findings have a practical relevance? 6.Ethical considerations **use examples to enhance your explanation of these questions**

Copy the picture of a chair that the previous person has drawn… This is called serial reproduction… it changes… and our existing schemas influence these changes Now read the story on page 83 out loud… This is called repeated reproduction.. Research in Cognitive Psychology

Schemas DEFINITION: Schemas are a cluster of inter- related concepts that tell us about how things function in the world

Bartlett (1932)

Bartlett (1932) study of reconstructive memory Bartlett’s (1932) Schema Theory: According to Bartlett we store memories in terms of out past experience or schemas. Schemas are a cluster of inter-related concepts that tell us about how things function in the world e.g. a schema about television would tell us about how they work and what sort of programmes they are likely to display (Flanagan, 2003) Video on schema

Bartlett's (1932) Study of the Influence of Schemas Reconstructive Memory Go to Page and complete a key study sheet on this study Aims: Procedures: ‘Repeated Reproductions’ DV: Detail of recall, IV: Time Findings & Conclusions: Evaluation (MECG)

Six questions to ask when evaluating research 1. Is the study based on a representative group of people (sample)? 2.Was the study conducted in a laboratory or in a natural setting? 3.Where what the participants where asked to do far from real life? 4.Are the findings of the study supported by the findings of other studies? 5.Do the findings have a practical relevance? 6.Ethical considerations

Bartlett's (1932)study of reconstructive memory Try to recall the war of the ghosts story Aims Procedures Findings & Conclusion Evaluation lets go through the study and evaluate using MECG and the 6 key questions

SAQ Planning Session Outline and evaluate a research study of schema theory (8 marks) In groups using poster paper you will write a plan for the SAQ question that will be written in class on Friday, you will then share your plan with the class Unpack the question – what smaller questions do you need to answer to complete the question? Also make sure that you clarify the command terms used Write a brief plan of your answer *Remember to include MECG points in your evaluation – use the color coding* We will then share each others plans

Understanding the research process Aim: the purpose of the study – what behavior and mental processes will be studied and the group which will be studies (the target population) Procedure: the step by step process used by the researcher to carry out the study Findings & conclusion: state what data the researcher collected and how the researcher interpreted the data and these are always open to discussion Criticisms/Evaluation: this is where the strengths and weaknesses of the research are evaluated – it is the most important section for you as an IB student

IB style short answer questions (SAQ) Outline and evaluate a research study of schema theory (8 marks) You will have 25 minutes at the beginning of Thursday’s lesson (no notes – in exam conditions) Things to include: 1.Aims 2.Procedures 3.Findings & Conclusion 4.Evaluation - ***remember most of the marks come from the evaluation this needs to be the longest part*** IB Command Terms:

SAQ Outline and evaluate a research study of schema theory (8 marks)

Bartlett SAQ rubric:

SAQs – what the syllabus says:

AO1 – Knowledge & comprehension

AO2 – Evidence of Critical Thinking AO1 & AO2 will be graded out of eight then divided to give a score out of eight

Grade mapping:

Reflection Write a few sentences reflecting on the piece of writing you just completed, answer the following: 1.What techniques did you use to prepare for this assignment? 2.What did you do whilst writing it to make sure you had covered everything? 3.What do you think you could do to improve for next time?

Quick Quiz 1.What is opportunity sampling? 2.Name two APA ethical guidelines 3.Why are ethical guidelines particularly important in psychological research? 4.What is ecological validity? Why is it important? 5.Name three key questions to ask when evaluating psychological research 6.What's the difference between a laboratory and field experiment? 7.What is debriefing? Why is it important? 8.Why is it important for research to have practical applications? 9.What does the C in MECG stand for? 10.What does evaluation mean? 11.What is an outline? 12.What are the aims of Bartlett’s (1932) study 13.Make 3 evaluative points that relate to Bartlett's (1932) study? 14.How many participants did Bartlett’s (1932) study have? 15.What conclusions did Bartlett (1932) come to after carrying out his study?

Research Methods: Quick quiz 1.What type of relationship between variables does an experiment aim to establish? 2.What does IV and DV stand for? and what relationship between these is examined in an experiment? 3.What is a hypothesis? 4.Give one strength and one limitation of laboratory experiments 5.What is the difference between a field and laboratory experiment? 6.Explain what is meant by demand characteristics 7.What are confounding variables, and why are they a problem for experiments? 8.What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation? 9.What is one of the main weaknesses of correlational studies? 10.What is one of the strengths of qualitative research? 11.What is a strength and limitation of participant observations? 12.How is a structured interview different from a unstructured interview? 13.What are some of the limitations of interviews? 14.What does triangulation mean? 15.What is a case study? 16.What are some of the limitations of carrying out surveys?

Social Science Survey What problems can you see in the following survey procedures and questions? How might results be biased or distorted? Discuss in pairs

SAQ feedback Full sentences Paragraphs Topic sentence Strengths and weaknesses - balance Detailed information Well developed and expanded evaluative points Participants Use psychological terminology Write in a formal, concise scientific style

Research Methodology How is research carried out? What are some of the difficulties faced by psychologists?

Social Science Survey What problems can you see in the following survey procedures and questions? How might results be biased or distorted? You are conducting a survey of what leisure activities residents of the Philippines prefer. You randomly select telephone numbers from the phone book and ask people questions over the phone. You want to find out how much money residents in Fort Bonifacio spend on food a week. You go to S and R and ask every fifth shopper as he/she leaves the store how much money he/she spends each week. In various questionnaires, the following questions were asked: – Do you think people should be allowed to scrounge on social security? – ‘With the North Korean threat, do we have any choice but to keep nuclear weapons?’ – Research has shown that men are less tolerant than women on the whole. Do you believe this is true? – ‘Do you think the labor movement is now too radical and has become a threat to democracy?’ You want to gather information about sexually transmitted diseases. You visit people in homes and ask them if they have ever had one. You want to know what students do in their leisure time. You give them the following list of activities and tell them to tick those which they do on the weekends. Read Play sport Go to night clubs Go to the beach Do gardening Visit friends You are trying to find out how people feel about talking about their own achievements. You have written the following two questions and decide to use one of them. – It is wrong to boast about your own successes and achievements. Agree or Disagree? – There is nothing wrong with telling people honestly about your successes and achievements. Agree or Disagree?