Biochips Seminar: Engineering Frontiers February 26 th, 2003 Mike Faith Disha Sheth

Overview  What is a Biochip?  Its first occurrence and the history behind its existence  What are its uses and applications?  Hurdles to overcome before the technology becomes popular  Who are the major researchers?  What is the estimated market for biochips?

Introduction  Collection of miniaturized test sites of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size  A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

In Brief  Bio + Chip = Biochip Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA Chip: a computer chip Biochip: a mate between biological entity and a computer  Genome chips, Microarrays Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

The Idea behind Biochip  Biology DNA was discovered in 1950 The Watson and Creek model was developed in 1953 Protein sequences, DNA sequences started getting discovered in 1980s  Electronics Transistor was first invented in 1948 In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million transistors Brick wall due to size limitations Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

First Idea  Mate Biology and Electronics to overcome the brick wall  Learn from natural phenomena and improve the current medical technology  1980s was the first time Biological entities were put on nonliving substrate Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Types of Biochips Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary Active Position Energy supplier implantableexternal Interactioncapture Biochips Function Passive Lab-on-chips

Tracking device  Tracking and identification devices in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery  Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos  Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number  Works on Radio Frequency Identification  Made of Reader and Transponder Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Transponder  The implantable biochip  Passive Biochip: No Batteries  Composed of Microchip Antenna coil Tuning capacitor Glass Capsule Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Transponder  Computer Chip: Stores the unique ID number Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Transponder  Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio antenna to receive and send signals Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Transponder  Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Transponder  Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air- tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer Glass Capsule Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Implant  Injected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath the skin  Usually behind the neck in cats and dogs Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Reader/Scanner  Transmits a small signal  Charges the tuning capacitor  ID number transmitted by the transponder Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Tracking device in Humans  Works on the same principles in general  Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip Tracking Request Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Social Concerns  Big Brother fear Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans  Mark of the Beast fear What if the tracking biochip has the number 666? Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Different Biochips Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Biochip Manufacturing Figure: Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Biochip Manufacturing Figure: Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Analysis using Biochip 1. Sample intake 2. Sample Processing 3. Interaction 1.Glass cover 2.Molecules to be analyzed 3.Microtube for feeding the sample 4.Biochip probes for testing Figure: Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Testing Equipments Figure: Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

DNA Biochips  DNA (Gene expression):  Human Genome Project started in 1990 to study genomes  Study of interactions of individual genes in an organism Requires simultaneous study of genes  Requires High-throughput Figure: Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Lab-on-Chip Figure: Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Technical Challenges  Attachment of living entity with the silicon surface  Limitation of vision  Biocompatibility (Research done at National Tsing Hua University)‏  Reliability Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Overcome challenges  More experiments  More funding by big foundations like NSF Eg: Human Genome project: $3 billion

Principal Players  Industries Affymetrix: Pioneer in Genechip ® Agilent Technologies: Production of Biochips (Lab-on-chips)‏ Center of Biological Microchips, Russia (Biochip-IMB, USA): Production of TB-Biochips Intel, Motorola Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Principal Players  Universities Prof Rashid Bashir, Purdue University developed first Protein Chip in 2000 Stanford, Johns Hopkins, Washington and other universities Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Motivation  Improve Health care industry  Overcome the brick wall in electronics  Of course “Money”

Recently Past Market Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Market Impacts  Great Demand of Biochips Biochips expected to be involved in many surgical procedures  The worldwide biochip market will reach $950 million in sales by Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Global Market of Biochips Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Market Impacts  New products and new players will drive the market at a compound annual growth rate of 25% to 33%.  By 2006 the market is expected to reach 1.8 billion. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Market Impacts  DNA chips will retain the largest share of the biochip market reaching sales of $725 million in 2005  Lab chips are likely to find use in the broadest types of assays and are poised to reach $157 million in sales by Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Market Impacts  The protein biochips market was worth about $76 million in  Sales of protein biochips have been predicted to top $700 million by 2006 which is almost 10 times its current size. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Market Analysis  Affymetrix, Caliper and Ciphergen currently dominate the market.  However emerging companies, such as Clinical Micro Sensors, ACLARA BioSciences and Phylos, will garner increased market share as customers look for low-cost and versatile products to meet their needs for new applications. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Market Analysis  There are over 127 companies currently involved in manufacturing, testing, and researching biochips. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

I&O for next 5 years  Rapid grow from millions to billions in sales.  As biochip prices decrease, they will become more visible in surgical procedures.  Biochip technology will improve reaching higher levels in medicine. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

I&O long term  $40 billion by 2010  Consumers will see new and better drugs on the market. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Quality of Life impacts  Faster diagnosis of diseases  Medicine will improve  People will live longer healthier lives.  Biological warfare diagnoses (eg: Anthrax)‏  Creates more jobs and improves the economy. Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

 Biochips is a very broad field Many different types of biochips  Biochips is going to set the new trend in Medicine  Still in research phase, but soon will be commercially used Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

Further Research  Biocompatibility: Not a lot of research is done in making the Ics biocompatible  Artificial proteins and DNA  More Tests need to be conducted to make it more reliable

Reference  Center of biological Microchips:  Affymetrix:  Agilent: ?lPage=51 ?lPage=51   tml tml

Questions ???