3 Early ARPA Networks ARPA used existing connections outside the U.S. to test Internet technology. –Became the first foreign sites to have Internet access

4 Electronic Mail Among Computers Researchers built software that used the dialup telephone system to connect computers. –Interconnected multiple machines with electronic mail –Did not need additional hardware –Used Unix to Unix Copy Program or (UUCP) to interact with a modem

5 BITNET And FIDONET Researchers invented ways for non-Unix systems to send and receive electronic mail. –Called: BITNET FIDONET

6 Figure 10.1 Countries in 1977 that could send or receive but were not connected to the Internet.

7 Networks in Europe Europeans began to establish networks. –Had organizations known as Post Telegraph and Telephone (PTT) Were government agencies Controlled forms of communications Worked together Ensured compatibility of worldwide telephone systems

8 EBONE: The Internet In Europe Groups in Europe formed a cooperative with the goal to: –Form a high-speed network –Connect members –Extend the Internet

9 Figure 10.2 The European Backbone

10 Backbone and Internet Hierarchy The European portion of the Internet was organized in a three- level hierarchy. EBONE: –Provided the top level –Interconnected regions of Europe

11 Backbone and Internet Hierarchy Regions –Had one or more networks –Attached multiple sites to regional networks Individual sites –Had multiple local area networks

12 Internet On All Continents Figure 10.3 Countries or regions with computers connected to the global Internet in 1997.

13 The World of Internet After 1998 By the end of 1998, the Internet reached every populated country in the world.

14 Conclusion What is the EBONE and what was the significance of its development? From your computer at home, can you send electronic mail to every populated country in the world? If not, which countries still do not have connection to the Internet?

16 Glossary EBONE –(European backBONE) The Wide Area Network facilities that interconnected many European countries to one another and to the Internet in the mid 1990s. BITNET –(Because It’s Time NETwork) An early network developed at City University of New York.

17 Glossary ITU –Abbreviation for International Telecommunication Union. PTT –Abbreviation for Post, Telegraph, and Telephone.

18 Glossary UUCP –(Unix to Unix Copy Program) Software developed in the mid 1970s that allows one computer to copy files to or from another over a (usually dial-up) connection.