Simón Bolívar and South American Independence Venezuela splits from Gran Colombia (1830) The Federal Wars Desire for a more democratic society Anti-clericalism Personalism Caracas vs. Interior
Victorious “Liberals” fail to restore order Three more years of instability lead to victory of Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Liberal Enlightenment (1870 – 1888) Centralization of power in Caracas Economic development Modernization
Rules directly or behind the scenes Holiday in Paris ( Autocratic, but a modernizer Centralization of power in Caracas Economic development Modernization
1890 Guzmán Blanco’s heirs divide into factions 1899 – clash among political factions leads to violence Return of revolutionary chaos opens the way for Andean domination.
Cipriano Castro and the Táchira Revolutionaries October 22, 1899 – Victorious Andeans enter Caracas Castro in power Four years of intermittant fighting Default on foreign debts leads to blockade (1902) U.S.: role as negotiator Castro becomes nationalist hero by resisting demands for debt payment by North Atlantic nations November 1908 – to Europe for an operation
Juan Vicente Gómez ( ) Political unification Economic transformation Primitive style – runs Venezuela like his ranch Cattle deals used to build the state Force and economic incentives ensure loyalty of the inner circle Outburst of hatred against Gómez clan upon the passing of the dictator
López Contraras Medina Angarita ( ) Continuing modernization Nationalism and petroleum Politics of the aborted 1945 presidential election campaign Revolution of October 18, 1945
Trienio ( ) Rapid modernization of peasants AD takes control of organized labor Marxist cast of AD governments antagonizes the church Incorporation of provincial middle class Constitution of 1947 Universal suffrage Representative democracy
AD’s Rómulo Gallegos wins more than 2/3 of vote Opposition parties frustrated COPEI (Christian Democrats) PCV (Communists) URD (Democratic Republican Union) Sectarianism leads to revolution of November 28, 1948
Dictablanda ( ) Pérez Jiménez and the New National Ideal Populism General Pérez Jiménez and the New National Ideal Physical development Reliance on petroleum income Decay of the military regime Increasing persecution of opponents Corruption All work and no play makes Marcos a dull boy
Orinoco River Democratic Forces meet in New York City to coordinate efforts against General Pérez Jiménez (Fall of 1957) Plebiscite on another term (November 1957) Democratic Revolution of January 23, 1958 Return of exiles Pact of Punto Fijo (shares power)
National Elections: December 1958 Results (Presidential) AD: Rómulo Betancourt (49%) URD, PCV: Admiral Wolfgang Larrazabal (35%) COPEI: Rafael Caldera (16%) January 1, 1959 – Punto Fijo democracy begins