Unit is the NEWTON(N) Is by definition a push or a pull Can exist during physical contact(Tension, Friction, Applied Force) Can exist with NO physical contact, called FIELD FORCES ( gravitational, electric, etc)

Types of Forces Weight(W or F g ) – Always drawn from the center, straight down Force Normal(F N ) – A surface force always drawn perpendicular to a surface. Tension(T or F T ) – force in ropes and always drawn AWAY from object. Friction(F f )- Always drawn opposing the motion.

INERTIA – a quantity of matter, also called MASS. Italian for “LAZY”. Unit for MASS = kilogram. Weight or Force due to Gravity is how your MASS is effected by gravity. NOTE: MASS and WEIGHT are NOT the same thing. MASS never changes When an object moves to a different planet. What is the weight of an 85.3-kg person on earth? On Mars=3.2 m/s/s)?

An object in motion remains in motion in a straight line and at a constant speed OR an object at rest remains at rest, UNLESS acted upon by an EXTERNAL (unbalanced) Force. There are TWO conditions here and one constraint. Condition #1 – The object CAN move but must be at a CONSTANT SPEED Condition #2 – The object is at REST Constraint – As long as the forces are BALANCED!!!!! And if all the forces are balanced the SUM of all the forces is ZERO. The bottom line: There is NO ACCELERATION in this case AND the object must be at EQILIBRIUM ( All the forces cancel out).

If an object is NOT at rest or moving at a constant speed, that means the FORCES are UNBALANCED. One force(s) in a certain direction over power the others. THE OBJECT WILL THEN ACCELERATE.

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the NET FORCE and inversely proportional to the mass. Tips: Draw an FBD Resolve vectors into components Write equations of motion by adding and subtracting vectors to find the NET FORCE. Always write larger force – smaller force. Solve for any unknowns

A 10-kg box is being pulled across the table to the right by a rope with an applied force of 50N. Calculate the acceleration of the box if a 12 N frictional force acts upon it. mg FNFN FaFa FfFf In which direction, is this object accelerating? The X direction! So N.S.L. is worked out using the forces in the “x” direction only

Newton’s Third Law “For every action there is an EQUAL and OPPOSITE reaction. This law focuses on action/reaction pairs (forces) They NEVER cancel out All you do is SWITCH the wording! PERSON on WALL WALL on PERSON

N.T.L This figure shows the force during a collision between a truck and a train. You can clearly see the forces are EQUAL and OPPOSITE. To help you understand the law better, look at this situation from the point of view of Newton’s Second Law. There is a balance between the mass and acceleration. One object usually has a LARGE MASS and a SMALL ACCELERATION, while the other has a SMALL MASS (comparatively) and a LARGE ACCELERATION.

N.T.L Examples Action: HAMMER HITS NAIL Reaction: NAIL HITS HAMMER Action: Earth pulls on YOU Reaction: YOU pull on the earth

A pictorial representation of forces complete with labels. W 1,Fg 1 or m 1 g Weight(mg) – Always drawn from the center, straight down Force Normal(F N ) – A surface force always drawn perpendicular to a surface. Tension(T or F T ) – force in ropes and always drawn AWAY from object. Friction(Ff)- Always drawn opposing the motion. m2gm2g T T FNFN FfFf

mg FNFN FfFf

Since the F net = 0, a system moving at a constant speed or at rest MUST be at EQUILIBRIUM. TIPS for solving problems Draw a FBD Resolve anything into COMPONENTS Write equations of equilibrium Solve for unknowns

A 10-kg box is being pulled across the table to the right at a constant speed with a force of 50N. a) Calculate the Force of Friction b) Calculate the Force Normal mg FNFN FaFa FfFf

Suppose the same box is now pulled at an angle of 30 degrees above the horizontal. a) Calculate the Force of Friction b) Calculate the Force Normal mg FNFN FaFa FfFf 30 F ax F ay

m1gm1g m2gm2g T T FNFN A mass, m 1 = 3.00kg, is resting on a frictionless horizontal table is connected to a cable that passes over a pulley and then is fastened to a hanging mass, m 2 = 11.0 kg as shown below. Find the acceleration of each mass and the tension in the cable.

TWO types of Friction Static – Friction that keeps an object at rest and prevents it from moving Kinetic – Friction that acts during motion

Force of Friction The Force of Friction is directly related to the Force Normal. Mostly due to the fact that BOTH are surface forces Note: Friction ONLY depends on the MATERIALS sliding against each other, NOT on surface area. The coefficient of friction is a unitless constant that is specific to the material type and usually less than one.

Example A 1500 N crate is being pushed across a level floor at a constant speed by a force F of 600 N at an angle of 20° below the horizontal as shown in the figure. a) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the floor? mg FNFN FaFa 20 FfFf F ay F ax

Example If the 600 N force is instead pulling the block at an angle of 20° above the horizontal as shown in the figure, what will be the acceleration of the crate. Assume that the coefficient of friction is the same as found in (a) mg FNFN FfFf 20 FaFa F ax F ay

Inclines mg  FNFN FfFf      Tips Rotate Axis Break weight into components Write equations of motion or equilibrium Solve

Example m2m2 m1m1 Masses m 1 = 4.00 kg and m 2 = 9.00 kg are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley. As shown in the diagram, m 1 is held at rest on the floor and m 2 rests on a fixed incline of angle 40 degrees. The masses are released from rest, and m 2 slides 1.00 m down the incline in 4 seconds. Determine (a) The acceleration of each mass (b) The coefficient of kinetic friction and (c) the tension in the string. m1gm1g m2gm2g FNFN T T FfFf 40 m 2 gcos40 m 2 gsin40

Example