Unit 2 Mendel and Heredity

Unit 2 - Mendelian Genetics (Ch. 10 & 12) 1.Define Genetics & Heredity 2.Interpret a pedigree with inherited traits 3.Identify key terms, including: Homozygous, Heterozygous, Hybrid, Purebred, Pedigree, Genotype, Phenotype, Parental generation (P1), First Filial (F1) generation, 4.Predict outcomes of genetic crosses, including complete inheritance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and dihybrid crosses. 5.Analyze Punnett Squares & predict the expected phenotypic & genotypic ratios 6.Describe the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Segregation 7.Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits 8.Identify the different forms of a gene 9.Compare/contrast somatic and gametic cells in Haploid and Diploid 10.Identify what a Karyotype is and how it can be used to identify genetic mutations 11.Distinguish among Dominant & Recessive conditions & those in which an extra chromosome exists or is removed

 4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s  3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT  2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help  1:I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help  0:I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!

 Who was Mendel?  Terminology  Punnett Square’s  Probability

 Use your Packet Notes pages to record the definitions for the following terms.

Gregor Johann Mendel  Monk, Czech Republic  Founder of modern genetics  Studied traits in garden peas in 1854  Published his theory of inheritance in 1865  Mendel was “rediscovered” in 1902 Gregor Mendel

Mendel was careful in his research a. used pea plants b. controlled experiment c. analyzed data mathematically

Go to the following link to read more about Mendel and his study of Heredity. Read “Concepts 1-4”. You can also select the animation at the top for more. Mendel & Genes

I. Mendel's Laws of Heredity A. Why Mendel Succeeded 1. Heredity - passing of characteristics from parents to offspring 2. Genetics - branch of biology that studies hheredity

3. Traits - characteristics that are inherited 4. Gametes - sex cells a. sperm - male b. egg - female 5.Pollination - transfer of male pollen grains to the pistil of a flower 6.Fertilization - uniting of male and female gametes

Generations: 7. P = parental generation 8. F 1 = 1st filial generation, offspring of the P generation 9. F 2 = 2nd filial generation, offspring of the F 1 generation (F 3 and so on) Crosses: 10. Monohybrid cross = cross of two true- breeding strains (homozygotes) that differ in a single (1) trait. 11. Dihybrid cross = cross of two true-breeding strains (homozygotes) that differ in two (2) traits.

Results of Mendel’s monohybrid parental cross: Why? Smooth seeds (allele S) are completely dominant to wrinkled seeds (allele s).

12. Alleles - different forms of a gene 13. Dominant - observed trait 14. Recessive - trait that disappears a. dominant – capital; R b. recessive - lower-case; r 15. Phenotype - the way an organism looks and behaves a. Red, white = phenotype 16. Genotype - gene combination an organism contains b. RR, Rr, rr = genotype

Dominant & recessive alleles:

17. Homozygous - two alleles for the trait are the same Ex: RR, rr 18. Heterozygous - two alleles for the trait differ from each other Ex: Rr 19. Law of segregation - during fertilization, gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles.

 Now complete Problems 1-3 of the Bikini Bottom Genetics on page 7 of your packet.

Law of Segregation

E. Punnett Square *If you know the genotypes of parents, you can predict possible genotypes of offspring

Steps for creating a Punnett square 1) Determine genotype of parents 2) Write down cross 3) Draw a p-square 4) Split letters of genotype of parents, place outside p-square 5) Fill in p-square 6) Summarize results 7) Bask in the glow of your accomplishments

Go to the following link to read more about Mendel and his study of Heredity. Read “Concepts 5”. You can also select the animation at the top for more. Mendel & Punnett Square's

Smooth and wrinkled parental seed strains crossed. 1.Genotypes (alleles – letters) 4/4 Ss 2. Phenotypes (physical characteristics) 4/4 smooth Punnett squarePunnett square animation

Punnett square Genotypes 1/4 SS 1/2 Ss 1/4 ss Phenotypes 3/4 smooth 1/4 wrinkled

In a certain plant, green pods, G, are dominant to yellow pods, g. A plant with yellow pods is crossed with a plant which is heterozygous for green pods. 1. What is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring? (Show your work.) 2. What is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring?

g g Gg gg G g Gg gg Gg x gg Genotype: 2 Gg : 2 gg Phenotype: 2 Green : 2 Yellow

1. Passing of traits from parent to offspring 2. Two forms of a gene are called this 3. The physical appearance of an organism 4. Genotype referring to as being “pure” 5. Used to solve genetic crosses 6. Genetic make-up of an organism refers to its __ 7. Version of gene that is always seen (capital letter) 8. Refers to offspring of the first generation 9. Law where gametes randomly pair to produce 4 combinations of alleles 10. When 2 alleles for the trait differ from each other

1. Heredity 2. Alleles 3. Phenotype 4. Homozygous 5. Punnett Square 6. Genotype 7. Dominant 8. F1 or first filial 9. Law of Segregation 10. Heterozygous

Unit 2 - Mendelian Genetics (Ch. 10 & 12) 1.Define Genetics & Heredity 2.Interpret a pedigree with inherited traits 3.Identify key terms, including: Homozygous, Heterozygous, Hybrid, Purebred, Pedigree, Genotype, Phenotype, Parental generation (P1), First Filial (F1) generation, 4.Predict outcomes of genetic crosses, including complete inheritance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and dihybrid crosses. 5.Analyze Punnett Squares & predict the expected phenotypic & genotypic ratios 6.Describe the Law of Independent Assortment and the Law of Segregation 7.Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits 8.Identify the different forms of a gene 9.Compare/contrast somatic and gametic cells in Haploid and Diploid 10.Identify what a Karyotype is and how it can be used to identify genetic mutations 11.Distinguish among Dominant & Recessive conditions & those in which an extra chromosome exists or is removed

 4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s  3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT  2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help  1:I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help  0:I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!

 Now complete Problems 4-11 of the Bikini Bottom Genetics on pages 7-8 of your packet.