Topic 10 : Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

4 x = 15 log 4 4 x = log 4 15 x = log 4 15 = log15/log4 ≈ 1.95

10 2x-3 +4 = x-3 = 17 log x-3 = log x-3 = log 17 2x = 3 + log17 x = ½(3 + log17) ≈ 2.115

5 x = 25 5 x+2 = 22 log 5 5 x+2 = log 5 22 x+2 = log 5 22 x = (log 5 22) – 2 = (log22/log5) – 2 ≈ -.079

Newton’s Law of Cooling The temperature T of a cooling time t (in minutes) is: T = (T 0 – T R ) e -rt + T R T 0 = initial temperature T R = room temperature r = constant cooling rate of the substance

You’re cooking stew. When you take it off the stove the temp. is 212°F. The room temp. is 70°F and the cooling rate of the stew is r =.046. How long will it take to cool the stew to a serving temp. of 100°?

T 0 = 212, T R = 70, T = 100 r =.046 So solve: 100 = (212 – 70)e -.046t = 142e -.046t (subtract 70).211 ≈ e -.046t (divide by 142) How do you get the variable out of the exponent?

ln.211 ≈ ln e -.046t (take the ln of both sides) ln.211 ≈ -.046t ≈ -.046t 33.8 ≈ t about 34 minutes to cool! Cooling cont.

Solving Log Equations To solve use the property for logs w/ the same base: If log b x = log b y, then x = y

log 3 (5x-1) = log 3 (x+7) 5x – 1 = x + 7 5x = x + 8 4x = 8 x = 2 and check log 3 (5*2-1) = log 3 (2+7) log 3 9 = log 3 9

When you can’t rewrite both sides as logs w/ the same base exponentiate each side b>0 & b≠1 if x = y, then b x = b y

log 5 (3x + 1) = 2 5 log 5 (3x+1) = 5 2 3x+1 = 25 x = 8 and check Because the domain of log functions doesn’t include all reals, you should check for extraneous solutions

log5x + log(x+1)=2 log (5x)(x+1) = 2 (product property) log (5x 2 – 5x) = 2 10 log5x -5x = x 2 - 5x = 100 x 2 – x - 20 = 0 (subtract 100 and divide by 5) (x-5)(x+4) = 0 x=5, x=-4 graph and you’ll see x=5 is the only solution 2

One More! log 2 x + log 2 (x-7) = 3 log 2 x(x-7) = 3 log 2 (x 2 - 7x) = 3 2 log 2 x -7x = 3 2 x 2 – 7x = 8 x 2 – 7x – 8 = 0 (x-8)(x+1)=0 x=8 x= -1 2

Time 2 practice