Progressivism Progressivism is a political movement that represents the interests of ordinary people in their roles as taxpayers, consumers, employees, citizens, and parents. To coin a phrase, progressivism champions government “of the people, by the people, for the people.” Given this mission, one might expect all democracies to be made up predominantly of one or another Progressive parties.

Theodore Roosevelt "I believe in a larger use of the governmental power to help remedy industrial wrongs..."

Context Social Upheavals of the 1890’s Social Upheavals of the 1890’s Unsafe conditions in factories Unsafe conditions in factories Women & Child labor abuses Women & Child labor abuses Intellectuals challenging corporations Intellectuals challenging corporations Citizens demanding government is responsive to their needs Citizens demanding government is responsive to their needs

Progressivism 1 – Protecting Social Welfare 2 – Promoting Moral Improvement 3 – Creating Economic Reform 4 – Fostering Efficiency

Capitalism An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a competitive free market.

Socialism An economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are controlled more by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which cooperation rather than competition guides economic activity. There are many varieties of socialism. Some socialists tolerate capitalism, others insist on an abolition of private enterprise.

Eugene V. Debs "Man has always sought the mastery of his fellow- man. To enslave his fellow in some form and to live out of his labor has been the mainspring of human action.... In all the ages of the past, human society has been organized and maintained upon the basis of the exploitation and degradation of those who toil. And so it is today. The chief end of government has been and is to keep the victims of oppression and injustice in subjection."

Monopoly Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.

Corporation A legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that an individual possesses that is, a corporation has the right to enter into contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets and pay taxes. That is, shareholders have the right to participate in the profits, through dividends and/or the appreciation of stock, but are not held personally liable for the company's debts.

Exploitation An act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly); "capitalistic exploitation of the working class"; "paying Blacks less and charging them more is a form of victimization" selfish utilization

1 – Protecting Social Welfare Social Gospel Social Gospel Help poor through community centers Help poor through community centers YMCA: libraries, classes, sports YMCA: libraries, classes, sports Salvation Army: Soup kitchens, nurseries Salvation Army: Soup kitchens, nurseries Florence Kelly (Factory supervisors) Florence Kelly (Factory supervisors) home&source=rsvp_0811_mob_ec home&source=rsvp_0811_mob_ec

2 – Promoting Moral Improvement Morality in the workplace would help the poor Morality in the workplace would help the poor Prohibition, 1874 WCTU Cleveland Prohibition, 1874 WCTU Cleveland 1879 Religious Movement, by ,000 members 1879 Religious Movement, by ,000 members Carrie Nation Carrie Nation Visited Prisons/the lonely Visited Prisons/the lonely Anti-Saloon League 1895 Anti-Saloon League 1895

“Boss” (William M.) Tweed - Head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York - Convicted for stealing between 40 million and 200 million dollars

Progressive Era Amendments 16 th - Unapportioned income tax 16 th - Unapportioned income tax 17 th - Direct election of Senators by the people of a state 17 th - Direct election of Senators by the people of a state 18 th - Prohibition of alcoholic beverages 18 th - Prohibition of alcoholic beverages 19 th – Women’s Suffrage, the right to vote 19 th – Women’s Suffrage, the right to vote

3 – Creating Economic Reform Spurred by the panic of 1896 Spurred by the panic of 1896 Questioning of Capitalism Questioning of Capitalism Muckrakers report on working conditions Muckrakers report on working conditions Child labor/women get ½ pay of men Child labor/women get ½ pay of men Government Reform – 17 th Amendment Government Reform – 17 th Amendment Embracing of Socialism Embracing of Socialism Eugene V. Debs, labor leader Eugene V. Debs, labor leader 1901 Socialist Party is formed 1901 Socialist Party is formed

4 – Fostering Efficiency Progressive faith in experts & scientific principles Progressive faith in experts & scientific principles High Cost of long hours High Cost of long hours Taylorism, Scientific Management Taylorism, Scientific Management Assembly lines: injuries & fatigue Assembly lines: injuries & fatigue Ford – 1909 $5/day Ford – 1909 $5/day

Taylorism/ Scientific Management A theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflow processes, improving labor productivity. A theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflow processes, improving labor productivity. Develop a standard method for performing each job Develop a standard method for performing each job Select workers with appropriate abilities for each job Select workers with appropriate abilities for each job Train workers in the standard method previously developed Train workers in the standard method previously developed Support workers by planning their work and eliminating interruptions. Support workers by planning their work and eliminating interruptions. Provide wage incentives to workers for increased output Provide wage incentives to workers for increased output

Thesis Women get equal respect in society b/c: Women get equal respect in society b/c: Women don’t get equal respect in society b/c: Women don’t get equal respect in society b/c:

The New Woman Turn of the Century

1900: 10 million bikes on the road The bicycle was a new invention that took the nation by storm – every manufacturer had a ‘ladies model.’ Of course, long dresses and bustles did not lend themselves to riding bikes Even Susan B. Anthony was a convert “Bicycling did more to emancipate women than anything in the world.”

Who was the New Woman? Educated Educated An Activist An Activist A Sportswoman A Sportswoman A Working Professional A Working Professional Independent Independent

Let’s look at a few examples… Alva Belmont wealthy New York socialite, wife of William Vanderbilt.. Closed out of the ‘400’, she had a mansion built in the city and a ‘cottage’ in Newport, RI.. Gave a masquerade party for 1,200 people to which even the Actors wanted to be invited.

Alva Belmont… 1895 divorced her husband due to adultery and remarried without losing her place in society. After her second husband died, she became a leading suffragette and one of the first woman members of the American Institute of Architects. Her famous advice: “Pray to God. She will help you.”

Jane Addams In 1889, she opened Hull House - there were 50 rooms and classes for 12 hours everyday serving immigrants and other poor people. In 1889, she opened Hull House - there were 50 rooms and classes for 12 hours everyday serving immigrants and other poor people. 1,000 people attended every week. 1,000 people attended every week. Jane began to give speeches all over the country. Jane began to give speeches all over the country.

Jane Addams She was selected to second the nomination of Teddy Roosevelt for president in She was selected to second the nomination of Teddy Roosevelt for president in By 1900, there were 100 settlement houses in the U.S. By 1900, there were 100 settlement houses in the U.S. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Mary Harris, “Mother Jones” A major labor union organizer and advocate of child labor laws. A major labor union organizer and advocate of child labor laws. She embarrassed men into taking action for unions. She embarrassed men into taking action for unions. She was called ‘the most dangerous woman in America.’ She was called ‘the most dangerous woman in America.’ In 1903 she organized the Children’s Crusade, marching from Pennsylvania to TR’s home in New York, carrying signs that said “We want to go to school!” In 1903 she organized the Children’s Crusade, marching from Pennsylvania to TR’s home in New York, carrying signs that said “We want to go to school!”

Ida Tarbell She was the star investigative reporter for McClure’s magazine. She was the star investigative reporter for McClure’s magazine. Her most famous work was “The History of the Standard Oil Company ‘ an expose’ of greed that spurred TR to become a trustbuster.” Her most famous work was “The History of the Standard Oil Company ‘ an expose’ of greed that spurred TR to become a trustbuster.”

Madam C.J. Walker She was the daughter of sharecroppers. She was the daughter of sharecroppers. She made enough money as a laundress to send her daughter to college. She made enough money as a laundress to send her daughter to college. She became upset that she was losing her hair. She became upset that she was losing her hair. She developed a lotion that made her hair grow back in. She developed a lotion that made her hair grow back in.

Madam C.J. Walker She claimed it was revealed to her in a dream by an ancestor from Africa. She claimed it was revealed to her in a dream by an ancestor from Africa. Women came from all over to learn her hair care technique, sell her products and open Madame Walker beauty parlors. Women came from all over to learn her hair care technique, sell her products and open Madame Walker beauty parlors. She moved to New York, opened a fashionable salon, and built an estate on the Hudson. She moved to New York, opened a fashionable salon, and built an estate on the Hudson.

College Girls The first generation of female college students enrolled in The first generation of female college students enrolled in Some men worried that studying may endanger their ‘female apparatus.’ Some men worried that studying may endanger their ‘female apparatus.’ By 1920, almost 50% of college students were female..it’s highest point until the 1960s. By 1920, almost 50% of college students were female..it’s highest point until the 1960s. Many graduates served as nurses and canteen workers in Europe during World War I. Many graduates served as nurses and canteen workers in Europe during World War I.

Criticisms/Problems Almost 50% of female college graduates in the late nineteenth century remained unmarried. Almost 50% of female college graduates in the late nineteenth century remained unmarried. They worried about ‘race suicide’. They worried about ‘race suicide’. Even educated women were still focusing on a domestic agenda. Even educated women were still focusing on a domestic agenda. Women were barred from joining campus organizations. Women were barred from joining campus organizations. Colleges and universities developed curriculum to attract more men. Colleges and universities developed curriculum to attract more men. Working women made less money than men. Working women made less money than men.

Sum it up Women saw new opportunities at the turn of the century. Women saw new opportunities at the turn of the century. They could get an education. They could get an education. They could engage in sports. They could engage in sports. They could dress in more comfortable, practical clothes. They could dress in more comfortable, practical clothes. They could speak and lecture in public. They could speak and lecture in public. They could fight for social causes. They could fight for social causes. They could help with the war effort. They could help with the war effort. They could become businesswomen. They could become businesswomen. They could become leaders of society. They could become leaders of society. They saw good things to come in the future. They saw good things to come in the future.