Body Image and Body Change Strategies Within Best Friend Dyads and Friendship Groups: Implications for Adolescent Appearance-RS Haley J. Webb & Melanie.

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Body Image and Body Change Strategies Within Best Friend Dyads and Friendship Groups: Implications for Adolescent Appearance-RS Haley J. Webb & Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast - Australia RESULTS Similarity Between Friends Appearance-RS: r =.30, p =.01Appearance-RS: r =.34, p <.01 Body dissatisfaction: r =.29, p <.01Body dissatisfaction: r =.32, p <.01 App cond self-worth: r =.27, p <.01App cond self-worth: r =.18, p =.02 Appearance values: r =.30, p <.01Appearance values: r =.24, p <.01 BMI: r =.29, p <.01BMI: r =.23, p =.002 Dieting: r =.36, p <.01 ABSTRACT Appearance-based rejection sensitivity consists of concerns about, and expectations of, rejection because of one’s appearance (Park, 2007). Drawing together existing theory and research on appearance-RS and body dissatisfaction that have identified the important role of social relationships in adolescent appearance concerns (Bowker et al., 2013; Park et al., 2009; Webb et al., in press), the aim of this study was to examine the dyadic and group level friendship characteristics that were associated with early adolescents' appearance-RS. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and social-cognitive mapping were used to analyse dyadic effects, and construct friendship groups, respectively. Overall, best friends were similar in their appearance-RS, body dissatisfaction, restrictive dieting, appearance-conditional self worth, appearance values, and self-rated attractiveness. Similarities between the individual and their friendship group were consistent with the findings for dyads, except for self-rated attractiveness and dieting. Appearance-RS was higher in adolescents whose best friends and friendship groups reported greater restrictive dieting, and appearance-conditional self worth. In general, associations did not differ for boys and girls, but having a higher proportion of boys in the friendship group was associated with lowered appearance concerns. DISCUSSION This is the first study to examine both dyadic and group friendship factors that may be linked to the development and perpetuation of appearance-RS in adolescents. The present study found similarity in appearance-RS between adolescent best friends, and between adolescents and their friendship groups. Further, best friends demonstrated similarity in body dissatisfaction, restrictive dieting, appearance- conditional self-worth, appearance values, attractiveness and BMI. Likewise, similarity between adolescents and their friendship groups was demonstrated for body dissatisfaction, appearance-conditional self-worth, appearance values, and BMI, but not restrictive dieting or attractiveness. These results indicate that best friends and friendship groups exhibit similarity in their appearance concerns and values, and body size. These similarities may be due to friendships forming on the basis of pre-existing similarities, through the modelling, reinforcement, and adoption of beliefs over time between friends, or due to friends’ sharing a socio-cultural environment, fostering comparable experiences and the development of like attitudes (Paxton et al., 1999). The results showed that appearance-RS was higher in adolescents whose best friends and friendship groups self-reported greater body dissatisfaction, restrictive dieting and appearance-dependent self-worth. Appearance concerns and behaviours may be communicating powerful messages between adolescent friends about socio-cultural standards of attractiveness, potentially encouraging interpersonal competition, and thus correlating with heightened appearance-RS. Appearance-RS was higher in adolescents whose friendship groups had lower BMIs. It may be that a friendship group with a lower BMI is experienced as threatening in comparison to one’s own appearance (Bailey & Ricciardelli, 2010), and may elicit greater concerns about appearance-based rejection. Surprisingly, no differences were found in associations between friends according to gender. On the other hand, our results confirmed expectations that a higher percentage of boys within friendship groups would be protective of appearance concerns. Across multiple social system levels, exposure to friends’ appearance concerns, beliefs and dieting behaviour may create a culture focused on physical appearance within that social system, reinforcing unhelpful appearance standards, and fostering concerns about appearance-based social acceptance METHOD Participants Dyads: (N = 132, M age = 13.84) Friendship groups: (N = 186, M age = 13.83) Caucasian (82.6%), Asian (7.9%), Aboriginal or Pacific Islander (3.4%). Measures Friendship dyads and groups: Reciprocally-nominated best friend dyads were identified, and a social network assessment measure based on the methods developed by Cairns et al. (1985) was used to form friendship groups. Appearance-RS: 10-item Appearance-RS Scale modified for adolescents (Park, 2007).  =.89 for girls,.85 for boys. Body dissatisfaction: 8-item Body Shape Questionnaire (Evans & Dolan, 1993).  =.90 for girls,.88 for boys. Dietary restraint. Modified Restraint Scale (Herman & Polivy, 1975).  =.73 for girls,.69 for boys. Appearance-conditional self-worth: Appearance subscale of Contingencies of Self Worth Scale (Crocker et al., 2003).  =.74 for girls,.40 for boys. Appearance values. 3-item scale devised for this study.  =.89 for girls,.50 for boys Self-rated attractiveness. Single item used by Bleske-Rechek & Lighthall (2010). INTRODUCTION Appearance-based rejection sensitivity (appearance-RS) consists of concerns about, and expectations of, rejection because of one’s appearance (Park, 2007). Although much is known about the adjustment difficulties associated with appearance-RS, only three studies have investigated why appearance-RS varies among adolescents (Bowker et al., 2013; Park et al., 2009; Webb et al., in press). The goals of the present study were to more closely examine whether friends are similar in appearance-RS and whether friends’ appearance concerns and behaviours are associated with heightened appearance-RS by identifying reciprocated dyadic friendships and larger friendship groups, and examining associations within these dyads and groups. There are various types of friendship contexts, such as peers, friendship groups, and best friends, and socialisation processes can differ across these social systems (Giletta et al., 2012). Our focus on best friends and the wider friendship network permitted identification of the effects of each of these important levels of social influence on adolescents' appearance-RS In light of the common concerns about physical appearance, researchers have examined, and verified, the positive association between appearance-RS and body dissatisfaction (Calogero et al., 2010; Webb et al., in press). Adolescents exposed to an appearance-focused friendship context are likely to report heightened body dissatisfaction, due to the sharing and strengthening of attractiveness ideals (Jones, 2004; Webb & Zimmer-Gembeck, in press). We speculate that friends’ body image concerns and body change strategies are important contributors to the peer appearance culture, and may show important links with appearance-RS. Study Aims 1. Examine similarity in appearance-RS, as well as related concerns and behaviours, between adolescents and their best friends and friendship groups. 2. Examine associations of adolescent appearance-RS with other appearance- related attitudes and behaviours reported by one’s best friend and friendship group 3. Investigate whether associations differed according to gender Associations Between Adolescent Appearance-RS and Friendship Group’s Appearance Concerns and Behaviours Appearance-RSBody dissatisfaction *β =.28, p <.001 Dietingβ =.24, p <.001 App cond self-worthβ =.23, p <.001 BMI β =-.15, p =.03 * association not significant when controlling for individual’s own body dissatisfaction Gender Differences Having more friends who are boys may be protective: Individuals with a higher % of boys in their friendship group reported lower appearance-RS (r = -.24, p =.001), body dissatisfaction (r = -.30, p <.001), restrictive dieting (r = -.20, p =.007), appearance- conditional self-worth (r = -.28, p <.001), and higher overexercise (r =.15, p =.04). There were no differences in associations according to gender (ps >.13) ANALYSES DYADS: The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; Kashy & Kenny, 2000) was used to assess dyadic effects. To assess gender differences, APIMs were estimated for girls only and compared to the results for the total sample. FRIENDSHIP GROUPS: Social-cognitive mapping (Cairns et al., 1985) was used to construct friendship groups. Process (SPSS macro; Hayes, 2013) was used to assess gender moderation of associations between the individual and their friendship group. Associations Between Adolescent Appearance-RS and Best Friends’ Appearance Concerns and Behaviours Appearance-RS Dieting β =.16, p <.01 App cond self-worth β =.15, p <.01