Measurement and Instrumentation

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Presentation transcript:

Measurement and Instrumentation

Generation and Analysis of Waveform Oscillators Pulse and Square Waves Generators Signal Generators Function Generators Wave Analysis and Spectrum Analyzer Distortion

Waveform - Pulse and Sawtooth

Waveform - Sine and Square -

Waveform - Triangle -

Waveform - Basic parameters -

Oscillators The output only sinusoidal waveshape of a specific frequency and amplitude

Oscillators - Fixed Frequency AF Osc - The frequency range is either 1 KHz or 400 Hz. The purpose is in audio frequency test. 1/(2*pi*R*C)

Oscillators - Variable Frequency AF Osc - The frequency range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The purpose is in laboratory test. 1/f = 0.69 * C * ( R1 + 2*R2).

Pulse and Square wave Generators The frequency range is from 1 Hz to 10 Mhz The duty cycle can varied from 25 – 75% Independent output: 50 and 600 Ω 50 Ω - 5 ns in rise and fall time at 5 Vp 600 Ω - 7 ns at 30 V

Signal Generators It uses for the measurement of gain, signal to noise ratio (SN), bandwith standing wave ratio. The output signal can be AM or FM

Function Generators It produces difference waveform of adjustable frequency The frequency range is from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz Upper and low constant current source supplies current

Wave Analyzer It consist of very narrow band filter to tune frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz and uses for electrical, sound and vibration measurement

Spectrum Analyzer

Spectrum Analyzer - Filter Bank -

Spectrum Analyzer - Super hetero dyne -

Distortion Linear distortions Non-linear distortion Amplitude distortion Phase or delay distortion Harmonic distortion Inter modulation distortion

Distortion - Amplitude - It happen when the amplification or attenuation of the signal is not constant over the useful range of frequencies

Distortion - Phase or Delay - The phase from input signal and output signal are difference, then phase distortion will occur on the signal. It happen due to the presence of energy storage element in the transmitting circuit. If different amount of phase shift, become necessary to compensate. Otherwise, can be ignored.

Distortion - Harmonic - Due to non-linear of an electronic circuit at frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, …………. (where, f is fundamental frequency of signal).

Distortion - Inter modulation - It occurs when two signal of different frequencies are mixed (sum or difference) together.

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