An Age of Uncertainty Kinda like Mr. Metcalf’s future teaching status

 After the World War I, people started to challenge the ideas from the Enlightment. People started to challenge science, literature, art, music, communication, and transportation. Intro to age of uncertainty

Science challenges old ideas  Albert Einstein New ideas on space, energy, time, and matter THEORY OF RELATIVITY: space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts People are confused and uncertain; Newton’s idea’s on science are questioned

 Sigmund Freud Humans are controlled by the subconscious Behavior is irrational Id, ego, and superego Sexuality is manifested at earliest stages in life Dreams are your brain’s way of communicating with your subconscious

Literature in an Age of Doubt  Philosophers & writers questioned accepted ideas about reason and progress  Expressed anxieties through writing and art; visualizing the future

 Franz Kafka, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein  Stream of Consciousness: technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur.

Composers Try New Styles  Composers shifted away from traditional music Igor Stravinsky used irregular rhythms and harsh combinations (audience booed and walked out from the performance) New Orleans, Memphis, Chicago; developed mostly by African Americans “The lively loose beat of jazz seemed to capture the new freedom of the age.” Jazz

Louis Armstrong Rudy Vallee Bessie Smith

Women abandon restrictive clothing and hairsty les. They wore shorter, looser garments and had their “bobbed,” or cut short. Flappers

Technology changes Life

Entertainment

Cubism

Abstract Art

Surrealism

A Global Depression

Europe After War  Europe left bankrupt after WWI  Countries outside Europe such as America and Japan had better conditions in finances

New Democracies are unstable (1914~1918)  Democratic parties gained enough power to overthrow leaders  Kings, Queens, monarchs, Emperors were replaced  Coalition Government

Weimer republic is weak  Germany’s newest government  Divided into small parties and big parties and caused many problems  Citizens’ unsatisfaction for the government

Inflation causes Crisis in Germany  Germany in huge debt due to Treaty of Versailles  Did not collect taxes, printed more money instead  Value of currency deflated

Cont’d Attempt at Economical Stability - Charles Dawes, American Banker - Loans $200 million dollars to Germany - Brought positive results for both Charles Dawes and Germany

Cont’d Effort at a Lasting Peace - German Foreign Minister: Gustav Stresamann - French Foreign Minister: Aristide Briand - Signed Peace Treaty - Kellogg- Briand peace act (failed)

The Great Depression  World’s finances were balanced on American economies A Flawed US Economy - Gap between the wealthy and the poor - Overproduction - Lessening demands

Cont’d  Chain of Doom- The rich and the poor  Chain of Doom- Agriculture

Stock Market Crashes  Black Tuesday (1929)  Raising the price  Downfall of the stocks  Value of money declines

A Global Depression Down fall in US influences other countries  European goods on high tariffs in USA  As a competition, other countries raised their tariffs  High prices makes trading rate descend

Cont’d  Countries outside US in depression  Europe, Asia, Latin America  Copper, tin, sugar are not in interest

World Responds to the Crisis  England’s National Government  France’s Popular Front- Moderates and socialists combined  Socialist Governments finds solutions- Denmark, Sweden, Norway

 Franklin D. Roosevelt  New Deal project  Stock markets and banks back on the track Recovery in the United States