From Kennedy and the New Frontier to LBJ and the Great Society

New Frontier Look at pages Just over 1000 days in office What was the New Frontier about? What were some of the programs?

Background 4 th generation Texan ◦Pioneer, cowboy, businessman, legislator, never knew great wealth Won special election for House of Reps. Friends with FDR, took programs home Won Senate seat by 87 votes Senate majority Leader in 1955 Helped JFK win TX and the South

Power through Tragedy “All I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today…Let us continue.” Urged Congress to pass $11 billion in tax cuts and civil rights legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 ◦No discrimination based on race, religion, national origin or gender and gave federal government power to enforce it.

Economic Opportunity Act $1 billion for youth programs, anti- poverty measures, small business loans and job training Job Corps-youth training program VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) Project Head Start- education program for underprivileged preschoolers Community Action Program- encouraged poor people to set up public-works programs

1964 Election Johnson vs. Republican Barry Goldwater Goldwater ◦Government has no business trying to right social wrongs such as poverty, discrimination, or lack of opportunity ◦Opposed Social Security- voluntary ◦Opposed Tennessee Valley Authority- abolish ◦Might use nuclear weapons in Cuba and Vietnam LBJ won in a landslide (61% of popular vote) ◦Democrats increased majority in Congress

Great Society Poverty- ◦Economic Opportunity Act ◦Medical Care Act ◦Appalachian Regional Development Act

Great Society Cities- ◦Omnibus Housing Act ◦Department of Housing and Urban Development ◦Demonstration cities and metropolitan area redevelopment

Great society Education ◦Elementary and secondary education act ◦Higher Education Act ◦Foundation on the arts and Humanities ◦Corporation for Public Broadcasting

Great Society Discrimination ◦Civil rights act of 1964 ◦Immigration Act ◦24 th Amendment ◦Voting Rights Act of 1965

Great Society Environment ◦Wilderness Preservation Act ◦Air Quality Act ◦Water Quality Act ◦Clean Air Act Amendment

Great Society Consumer Advocacy ◦High Safety Act ◦Truth in Packaging Act ◦National Traffic and Motor Safety Act ◦Department of Transportation

Consumer Advocacy Ralph Nader Unsafe at Any Speed Attack on US auto industry ◦Set safety standards for autos and tires Truth in packaging laws ◦Set standards for labeling consumer goods

Warren Court Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren Brown vs. BOE of Topeka Banned school prayer, state required loyalty oaths unconstitutional, limited power to censor books and films, extended free speech to symbols (armbands on students)

Rights of the Accused Mapp vs. Ohio, evidence seized illegally cannot be used in state courts Gideon vs. Wainwright, courts required to provide counsel if cannot afford Escobedo vs. Illinois, right to have an attorney during questioning by police Miranda vs. Arizona, read rights ◦Remain silent, anything you say can be used against you, right to an attorney during interrogation.

Impact of Great Society Liberals praised reforms Conservative criticized Great Society extended power of President New awareness of social problems of poverty and discrimination Number of poor fell from 24% in 1962 to 11% in 1973 Deficit increased, backlash of conservatives Vietnam War took money for Great Society