Chapter 15 Therapies for Psychological Disorders

Objectives 15.1 Mental Health Practitioners and Settings Compare and contrast the roles of psychiatrists, counseling psychologists, and clinical psychologists. Discuss the settings used by mental health practitioners Psychodynamic Therapy Define psychodynamic therapy. Illustrate the techniques used in psychodynamic therapy. Compare and contrast traditional psychoanalytic therapy and short-term psychodynamic therapy.

Objectives 15.3 Humanistic Therapy Describe the role of genuineness, acceptance, and empathy in client-centered approaches Behavior Therapy Explain the ways in which behavioral therapies attempt to change maladaptive associations, discourage maladaptive behaviors, or encourage more adaptive ones. Compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Objectives 15.5 Cognitive Therapies Discuss Beck’s cognitive therapy and Ellis’s rational emotive therapy as they relate to cognitive therapy Family Systems and Group Therapy Illustrate how family systems therapy focuses on how individuals function in their relationships through communication patterns.

Objectives 15.7 Biomedical Therapies Explain the focus on changing physiological problems that lead to psychological conditions in biomedical therapies. Compare and contrast the major classes of antidepressant drugs, the major drug treatments for anxiety, and antipsychotic medications. Discuss other nondrug medical treatments for psychological conditions Evaluating Therapies for Psychological Disorders Describe how clinical trials test treatments for psychological conditions. Discuss types of research that have provided evidence of the efficacy of treatments for psychological disorders.

Mental Health Practitioners (slide 1 of 2) Psychiatry: A branch of medicine that treats mental and behavioral conditions Counseling psychologist: A mental health professional who helps people experiencing difficulty adjusting to life stressors to achieve greater well-being Clinical psychologist: A mental health practitioner who researches, evaluates, and treats psychological conditions

Mental Health Practitioners (slide 2 of 2) Clinical psychology training programs vary in their emphasis on the different roles of clinical psychologists. Clinical training programs can be based on a scientist- practitioner model, a practitioner-scholar model, or a clinical researcher model.

Settings for Mental Health Practitioners Mental hospital: A medical center that treats psychological conditions Outpatient: treatment settings that are outside of a hospital

The Role of Psychotherapy Insight: An understanding of the motivation of behavior Insight therapies: A family of psychotherapies that focus on the unconscious motivations of behavior

Psychodynamic Therapy Free association: A therapy technique that reveals intrapsychic conflicts by interpreting spontaneous responses to given words Dream analysis: A technique that reveals intrapsychic conflicts through interpretations of dreams Resistance: A client’s employment of a defense mechanism during therapy Transference: A type of displacement in which the client will unconsciously act out relationships with the therapist

Types of Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is intense, with hour-long sessions taking place three to five times a week for years. Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy. The client–therapist relationship is much more casual in short-term psychodynamic therapy, and is much more goal oriented, lasting from 12 to 50 weekly sessions.

Humanistic Therapy Genuineness: Authenticity in a relationship Acceptance: Communication of respect Empathy: An attempt to understand the client’s inner world

Behavior Therapy Behavior therapy: A family of therapies that use learning theory to change behavior

Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning is a behavioral technique in which a response to a stimulus is replaced by a new response. Exposure therapy involves repeatedly presenting the client with a distressing object in order to reduce anxiety. Virtual reality exposure therapy involves the repetitive presentation of a simulated distressing object or situation in order to reduce anxiety. Aversive conditioning pairs an unpleasant stimulus with an undesired behavior in order to reduce the target behavior.

Operant Conditioning Techniques Operant conditioning involves training emitted behaviors to make them more likely to occur again. Operant techniques include: –Positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors –Nonreinforcement or punishment of maladaptive behaviors

Cognitive Therapies Beck’s cognitive therapy Ellis’s rational emotive therapy

Family Systems and Group Therapy Family therapy treats the immediate social system, i.e., the family, to improve individuals’ psychological functioning. Group therapy treats multiple clients in a collective setting.

Biomedical Therapies: Drug Treatments Biomedical therapies focus on surgery, medication, or other physiological interventions for the treatment of psychological conditions Psychotropic medications are drugs used to treat psychological conditions. Psychopharmacologists are researchers and practitioners who study and often prescribe psychiatric medications.

Antidepressant Drugs Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

Antianxiety Drugs An antianxiety medication is a type of drug used to reduce the symptoms of agitation and nervousnes that are present in a number of different anxiety disorders.

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Mood stabilizers are a family of medications used to treat the symptoms of bipolar mood disorders.

Antipsychotic Drugs Antipsychotic medications are used to reduce the symptoms of psychosis, as seen in schizophrenia.

Medical Procedures Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) : A biological treatment in which seizures are induced in anesthetized patients Psychosurgery: Treatment of mental and behavioral conditions using an invasive biological procedure –Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): A procedure that uses electromagnetic coils to activate nerve cells in the brain –Deep brain stimulation (DBS): A surgical treatment in which a medical device is used to send electrical impulses to parts of the nervous system

Effectiveness of Therapies for Psychological Disorders Clinical trial: The use of the scientific method to test a treatment for a disorder or condition Meta-analysis: A statistical technique that pools the results of several research studies Evidence-based practice: Selecting therapy treatments using information gained through research

Effectiveness of Different Therapies Those in the treatment group show a greater improvement than 80% of those untreated.

Common Factors That Increase Effectiveness Quality of the therapeutic relationship –Genuineness and warmth Client factors –Support –Motivation Cultural factors