About Sleep We spend 1/3 of our lives asleep Sleep is an active process No organ or regulatory system “shuts down”  Slight decrease in metabolic rate Some brain activity increases during sleep  Many parts of the brain are as active as awake periods  At least 2 hours of dream state per night Specific hormones increase during sleep  Growth hormone  Melatonin Specific cues exist for regulation of sleep

How much sleep do we need? Infants Toddlers Pre School School Age10-11 Teens Most adults need 7 ½ -8 hours to function well  About 10% require more or less sleep  Pregnant women need more sleep

Sleep in Adolescents (12-18) Need about 9 hours of nightly sleep for optimal health, emotional well being, and cognitive functioning Often experience delayed sleep (can’t go to sleep until late and sleep in) Do not get sufficient sleep

Sleep in Adults Need hours Increasing frequency of problems sleeping in this stage of life  Obstructive apnea  Insomnia  Restless leg syndrome

Sleep Patterns stages of sleep during a normal night Stages 1-4 or non-REM and REM (rapid eye movement)  During non-REM sleep, many of the restorative functions of sleep occur  During REM sleep, memories and thoughts from the day are processed Stages progress cyclically  1-4, then REM, restart back at stage 1 One complete cycle takes about minutes

Stages Stage 1  Light sleep, drift in and out, awaken easily  Eyes move slowly, muscle activity slows  May experience a sense of falling followed by sudden muscle contractions Stage 2  Eye movement stops  Brain waves are slower, occasional bursts of rapid waves Stage 3  Extremely slow waves-Delta waves  Interspersed with smaller faster waves  Considered deep sleep  No eye or muscle movement, difficult to awaken  Time when sleepwalking, bedwetting, or terrors occur Stage 4  Almost exclusively Delta waves  Considered deep sleep

REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Stage Brain waves increase to the awake level Most dreams occur during this stage  If awoken in this stage, most people remember their dreams Physical changes during REM  Increase in H.R., B.P., and breathing rate  Breathing more shallow and irregular  Eyes jerk rapidly  Limb muscles temporarily paralyzed  Some loss of temperature regulation  Men may experience erections Most people have 3-5 intervals of REM each night Infants spend 50% of time in REM Adults spend nearly half of time in Stage 2  20% in REM, other 30% divided among other stages  Progressively spend less time in REM as we age

2006 Declared a public health problem by Institutes of Medicine of the National Academies An estimated 50% of Americans are sleep deprived 30% average less than 6 hours per night Estimated 70 million with insufficient sleep 7 out of 10 have trouble sleeping 40 million suffer from some long term disorder 20 million experience occasional problems 1/3 of Americans have symptoms of insomnia

Children 2/3 of children have several sleep problems per week 25%-40% of children have sleep disorders 10-12% snore regularly

Contributors to Sleep Disorders Genetics Aging  Menopause, hot flashes, hormone changes  1/3 of older adults have insomnia  More nocturnal awakenings, more fitful sleep Overweight  40% have sleep apnea Diabetes  ½ of people with sleep apnea have diabetes Pain/Illness Arthritis, osteoporosis, dementias, heart disease, lung disease, cancers digestive disorders Medications Stress

Common Sleep Disorders Snoring/Apnea Insomnia 9-12% Narcolepsy Restless leg syndrome-5% Over 80 different disorders Disorders Website, University of MD   Video with overview of sleep disorders

Sleep problems can be associated with conditions including… Stress and environmental factors  Light exposure, noise, bed sharing, room temperature Pregnancy Menopause Chronic pain Major depression Chronic illnesses  Cancer  Cardio-pulmonary disease  Alzheimer’s

Common Disorders in Children Dyssomnias-disturbance in the amount, timing or quality of sleep  Insomnia  Sleep apnea, 1-3%  Restless leg syndrome  Narcolepsy-rare  Periodic limb movement Parasomnias-disorders with abnormal behavior or physiological events, interference with sleep stage transition  Arousal disorders  Night terrors,4-8 yr old  Sleep walking, 6-12 yr olds Up to 40% sleep walk  Sleep wake transition  Sleep talking  Nightmares, 3-5%  Teeth grinding  Bedwetting, 15%, boys, age 3+

Obstructive Apnea in Children Most common sleep disorder Occurs in 1-3% of children Most common in preschool children Symptoms During sleep  Snoring  Restless sleep  Interruption of breathing  Chronic mouth breathing

General Symptoms of a Sleep Problem  Performance decrease: academic, physical, etc.  Behavioral difficulties  Irritable  Hyperactive  Frequent illness  Headaches, jaw pain, earaches  Depression, anxiety  Daytime sleepiness

Signs of Sleep Deprivation Needing an alarm clock to wake up Falling asleep within 5 minutes of hitting the pillow  Well-rested people take minutes Napping easily

Consequences of sleep disorders

Poor Functioning Drowsy driving  Sleep deprived, 2-4 times greater risk of an accident  100,000 auto accidents  71, 000 injuries  1,550 deaths  20% of all drivers have dozed at least once behind the wheel  One night of sleep deprivation is equal to legal intoxication Disasters  Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Challenger, Exxon Valdez  Contributed to by errors in judgment from fatigue, sleepiness

More mistakes!  Work Performance and accidents  Contributes to job absenteeism, lost productivity  Mistakes and work accidents increase Medical errors- study with sleepy interns  36% more serious errors  Of which 31% caused a fatality  28% more intercepted errors  57% more non-intercepted errors  21% more medication errors  5.6 times as many serious diagnostic errors

Health Consequences Cardiovascular system-increase in heart disease  Increase in blood pressure  Increase risk for heart attacks, strokes, 5 or fewer hours have 45% greater risk Endocrine  Affects appetite regulating hormone  Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance  2.5 times more with 5 or less hours of sleep  1.7 times more with 6 or fewer hours of sleep  Obesity and weight management  Increase in stress hormones  Thyroid and growth hormones affected Immune system-more susceptible to illness

Health Consequences Continued Nervous system-memory and learning affected  Balance is affected, more falls, 2 to 4.5 greater chance of falling  Increased risk of tremors, seizures  Increase in pain, frequent headaches Mental Health  Decreased neurotransmitters affecting mood  More distress, irritability, depression, alcohol use, suicide  Decreased quality of life Early death  Less than 6 hours of sleep or less per night-  15%-30% greater risk of dying, regardless of cause  Protective factors of avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods lost with sleep deprivation

Treatment of Disorders Good Sleep Hygiene Medications Psychotherapy, stress management Relaxation techniques OSA treatment  Mouth appliance  Surgery-tonsils and/or adenoids  Weight reduction if obese  CPAP-Continuous positive airway pressure

Sleep Hygiene What contributes to good sleep?  Relaxing Routine  Warm bath/shower  Quiet activities  Lower lights  Regular sleep schedule  Go to bed and get up around the same time  Limit naps  Limit stimulating behaviors before bedtime  Limit caffeine after 2 pm  Limit alcohol after dinner  Limit large or spicy meals  Limit vigorous exercise 4-6 hours before bed

Sleep Hygiene Continued De-stress, learn relaxation techniques  Physical and mental Maintain a regular physical activity routine  Physical activity helps with stress  Fitness reportedly helps with sleep quality Do not go to bed hungry or full  Light snack of carbos and foods with tryptophan Practice stimulus control (see next slide)

Stimulus Control  Bed for sleeping only, limit other activities  Eating, reading, watching television, studying, work, hobbies  Go to bed when you are drowsy  If you don’t fall asleep within minutes  Get up, leave the bedroom  Read or watch something dull  Room and bed comfortable  No pets on/in the bed  Temperature Cool  Lighting low, expose yourself to bright lights during day  Bed, sheets, PJ’s comfortable and not binding

Dream Theories Freud  Dreams are repressed emotions  Unconscious mind acts out unacceptable behaviors Jung  Reflection on one’s self  Help solve problems Hobson and McCarley  Dreamers mind creates a story to try and decipher what happened in the unconscious mind

Dream Theories Hall  Dreams of people from across the world are more similar than different Domhoff  Based on concerns, thoughts and emotions

Top 10 Common Dreams 10. A car driving off a cliff/crashing  The dreamer is feeling powerless over some life situation 9. Faulty machinery  The dreamer is losing touch with reality/body is not functioning properly/worried about connecting with people 8. Lost/trapped  Trying to make a decision/trying to make the right choice 7. Missing public transportation  You feel you missed an opportunity

Top 10 Dreams 6. Failing a test  Feeling unprepared or not playing the proper part in your life 5. Ill/dying  You feel emotionally hurt or afraid something will hurt you (if you are ill or dying) 4. Being chased  You feel threatened 3. Missing/unhealthy teeth  Fear of being unattractive; embarrassed about something

Top 10 Dreams 2. Nudity  You feel vulnerable or awkward in your life 1. Falling/sinking  You feel insecure/don’t feel you have the support you need/overwhelmed

Difference between men and women Men  More aggressive dreams  Men appear in a man’s dream twice as much as women do Women  Feature more details and last longer  Dream about men/women equally  Have more nightmares  More likely to have a family member in it