Костанайский государственный университет им. А Байтурсынова Самамбет Мензада Калмагамбеткызы Stylistics

STYLISTICS INTRODUCTION

PLAN 1.Stylistics as a Science. Its connection with other science. 2.Language as a system, individual speech and norm of the literary language. 3.Stylistic Function, types of contexts. EM and SD. Foregrounding, its types. Varieties of language.

Stylistics as a branch of general linguistics The special media of languages which secure the desirable effect of the utterance are called stylistic devices and expressive means. The types of texts which are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication are called functional styles of the language.

The connection of Stylistics with Lexicology Stylistics deals with etymology of the word only when it helps to understand the reason and the essence of the stylistic effect produced by this word in some definite context. Stylistics investigates this connection from the point of view of the dependence of the emotional colouring of the word upon the conditions of its use. Stylistics studies mainly those which are not fixed in language as a system, the cases of figurative use.

The connection of Stylistics with Grammar (Morphology) Stylistics studies only those morphological forms which expresses only emotional and expressive colouring of the thought. (Syntax) Stylistics treats of grammar phenomena (forms and constructions) as expressive language media, which are able to attract different emotional colouring to the Statement.

V.V.Kurilov Стиль – свойство формы, его изучение есть изучение художественной формы, но изучение с точки зрения внутренних принципов организации этой формы, придающих ей определенную содержательность

I.R. Gulperin Style is regarded as smth that belongs exclusively to the plans of expression and not tot the plan of content. The plan of expression corresponds to the concept of form, the plan of the content to the concept of matter.

V.V. Vinogradov Ограниченность лингвистической стилистики заключается в том, что при всем многообразии и при всей плодотворности своих операций в области художественной литературы она не может привести к раскрытию идейно- тематической основы целостного художественного произведения. Литературный анализ (в отличии от лингвистического) д.б. направлен на то, чтобы выявит ориентацию всей системы выразительных средств на художественный объект.

Decoding Stylistics Stylistics of perception Michal Riffaterre – the American scientist who put forward the term “Stylistics of perception”. The task of stylistics of decoding or decoding stylistics is to help to contain a high culture of reading on the basis of studying the codes of literature. Stylistics of decoding investigates pieces of fiction as the source of impressions for the reader. Stylistics of decoding aims at interpreting the text and has its own tasks, its own particular problems, synthetic tasks and problems of linguo and literary stylistics.

Clod Shannon – the creator of theory of information Information is some knowledge, news or facts which we get from smb or obtain somehow. Information is a track (trace) which left by one phenomenon upon the other. The information which is reproduced in the book is not identical with the original one because an image is always smb’s creation, i.e. an image has not only its object but also its creator.

It implies: An author, in setting out to recreate a fragment of reality, recreates those features of it which to him, seem to be most essential. In doing this he is guided by his own consciousness, his vision of the world. He makes the selection of the features to be represented in the image of the created reality. The reality is neutral to the observer, the image of reality created by the author is not. Though such an image the author expresses his vision of the world he represents reality in the way that he considers to the most fitting.

The literary work – an act of communication (5 systems) The objective reality The image The author The literary work The reader

Language as a system Consists of phonetics, grammar, lexical subsystem; is all the phonemes, morphemes, words, expressive means which exist in the language; Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary which includes different layers of words.

NORM. VIOLATION OF THE NORM. Norm is the phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns which are in general use during a given period. At every period in the development of the literary language there is a norm which shows the difference between the literary and non-literary language. The norm is the invariant. The invariant may have variants which always centre around the invariants. There is a tendency when the variants detach themselves from the invariants or from the norm. In this case we may speak about the violation of the norms of the language

Individual Speech Is the speech of an individual The individual doesn’t use all the elements which exist in the language-as-a-system. He makes the use of only some elements of the language-as-a-system. The speech of an individual which is characterized by the peculiarities typical of that particular individuals as called an idiolects. A unique combination of the language units, expressive means and stylistic devices of a language used by a definite writer is called individual speech.

The individual Style Of the writer is recognized by the specific and particular combination of language media and stylistic devices. It also depends on the literary norms of the given period (Hemingway, Salinger, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Turgenev).