Transportation LandSeaAir

Transportation Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). movementpeoplegoodsLatin movementpeoplegoodsLatin

Transportation Systems A transportation system has 3 major components… A transportation system has 3 major components… Pathways (roads, canals, air routes) Vehicles (cars, ships, planes) Support (depots, gas stations, airports)

Vehicle Systems All Vehicles have common systems All Vehicles have common systems –Structure –Suspension –Guidance & Control –Propulsion

Vehicle Systems Structure: The physical frame and/or covering, which provide for spaces for people, power and control systems, and other devises (Chassis) Structure: The physical frame and/or covering, which provide for spaces for people, power and control systems, and other devises (Chassis)

Vehicle Systems Suspension: Provides proper support for the structure and all other components within the vehicle. (wheel and axles, hulls, and wings) Suspension: Provides proper support for the structure and all other components within the vehicle. (wheel and axles, hulls, and wings)

Vehicle Systems Guidance & Control: The process of information (via the operator) for the control of the vehicles direction, speed, and location. Guidance & Control: The process of information (via the operator) for the control of the vehicles direction, speed, and location.

Vehicle Systems Propulsion: The unit or method of force to propel the vehicle from the start to its final destination (energy to produce power and motion) Propulsion: The unit or method of force to propel the vehicle from the start to its final destination (energy to produce power and motion)

Land Transportation Land transportation includes all movement of people and goods on or under the earth. Includes: Land transportation includes all movement of people and goods on or under the earth. Includes: –Highway –Rail –Material (pipelines, conveyors) –On site transportation systems (forklift, cutes, tractors)

Land Transportation Material Transportation On Site Transportation Rail Highway

Land Transportation Structure: is based on use, however all have three basic units Structure: is based on use, however all have three basic units –Passenger or operator unit –Cargo unit –Power Unit

Land Transportation Propulsion: Most land transportation vehicles move along their pathways on moving wheels. The rotation is caused by two systems Propulsion: Most land transportation vehicles move along their pathways on moving wheels. The rotation is caused by two systems –Power generation (engine/energy converter creates power) –Power transmission (controls and directs trhe power to do work)

Land Transportation Power Generation Power Transmission

Land Transportations Suspension: Wheels and axles keep the chassis's’ off the ground (sometime magnetic levitation is used) Suspension: Wheels and axles keep the chassis's’ off the ground (sometime magnetic levitation is used)

Land Transportations Guidance & Control: Manually operated throttles, pedals, and controls. Guidance & Control: Manually operated throttles, pedals, and controls. Operator “driver” receives information from signal and signs, as well as, gages and instruments within the vehicle. Operator “driver” receives information from signal and signs, as well as, gages and instruments within the vehicle.

Marine Transporation Marine transportation include all vehicle or vessels that carry passengers or cargo over or under the water. Marine transportation include all vehicle or vessels that carry passengers or cargo over or under the water.

Types of Marine Transportation Pleasure Ships & Boats Military Ships Commercial Ships

Marine Transportation Structure: All ships have two basic parts Structure: All ships have two basic parts –Hull: Forms the shell that allows the ship to float and contain a load. –Superstructure: the part of the ship above the deck, which contains the bridge, crew, and/or passengers.

Marine Transportation Propulsion: Most ships are propelled through the water by a propeller driven by an engine. Propulsion: Most ships are propelled through the water by a propeller driven by an engine.

Marine Transportation Suspension: The Hull is not only part of the structure, it is also the means for suspension. Suspension: The Hull is not only part of the structure, it is also the means for suspension. Buoyancy and Displacement are the primary principles behind a ships ability to stay afloat.

Marine Transportation Buoyancy Buoyancy: The force that a liquid uses to support a floating or submerged object, equal to the weight of the displaced water. Displacement Displacement The weight or volume of water pushed out by an object in the water

Marine Transportation The different ship hull designs provide varying degrees of stability and displacement. The different ship hull designs provide varying degrees of stability and displacement. The deeper a ship sits in the water (draft) the more stable it will be, but the more power it will take to move it. The deeper a ship sits in the water (draft) the more stable it will be, but the more power it will take to move it.

Marine Transportation Guidance & Control: On all ships the rudder and the propeller screws provide directional and speed control. Guidance & Control: On all ships the rudder and the propeller screws provide directional and speed control. The “skipper” gets navigational assistance from charts, compasses, and buoys. The “skipper” gets navigational assistance from charts, compasses, and buoys.

Air Transportation The newest transportation vehicle in widespread use. The newest transportation vehicle in widespread use. Divided into General Aviation and Commercial Aviation Divided into General Aviation and Commercial Aviation Includes all vehicle that carry passengers or cargo through the air. Includes all vehicle that carry passengers or cargo through the air.

Air Transportation Structure: There are three major types of air transportation. Structure: There are three major types of air transportation. –Lighter than Air –Fixed Wing Aircraft –Rotary-Wing Aircraft

Air Transportation Lighter than Air: Use either a light gas (helium), or hot air to produce lift, as well as give the vehicle shape. Balloons, Blimps (non ridged frame), and Dirigibles (ridged frame) are the most common. Lighter than Air: Use either a light gas (helium), or hot air to produce lift, as well as give the vehicle shape. Balloons, Blimps (non ridged frame), and Dirigibles (ridged frame) are the most common. Blimp using helium Dirigible using hydrogen…ouch!

Air Transportation

Fixed wing Aircraft: The major structural component of a fixed wing aircraft is the fuselage. Fixed wing Aircraft: The major structural component of a fixed wing aircraft is the fuselage. Passengers,, flight crew, and cargo all are contained within the fuselage. One or more wings and the tail section are also attached to the fuselage

Air Transportation Rotary-Wing Aircraft: The helicopter is the most common type. The fuselage contains the operating and cargo unit and encloses the engine. Rotary-Wing Aircraft: The helicopter is the most common type. The fuselage contains the operating and cargo unit and encloses the engine. Above the engine are blades that produce and lift and forward and backward movement

Air Transportation Propulsion: Aircraft use two major types of propulsion systems…. Propulsion: Aircraft use two major types of propulsion systems…. –Propeller Driven: Small aircraft use propellers attached directly to the engine to generate thrust. –Jet Driven: Uses the force produced by compressed air and ignited fuel to generate thrust.

Air Transportation Propeller driven Motor Jet Engine Turbo Prop Engine

Air Transportation Suspension: Air transportation vehicles are supported in the atmosphere. All air vehicles depend on the fact that an area with less dense air will allow heavier air to force the vehicle up. As with structure, suspension varies according to the type vehicle. Suspension: Air transportation vehicles are supported in the atmosphere. All air vehicles depend on the fact that an area with less dense air will allow heavier air to force the vehicle up. As with structure, suspension varies according to the type vehicle.

Air Transportation Lighter than Air: Uses air weight differences to cause the vehicle to rise and be suspended in the atmosphere. Lighter than Air: Uses air weight differences to cause the vehicle to rise and be suspended in the atmosphere. There are two ways to achieve this: There are two ways to achieve this: –Closed Envelope: filled with light gas –Open-ended Envelope: uses circulating warm air

Air Transportation Fixed Wing Aircraft: has four major forces that effect its ability to fly. Fixed Wing Aircraft: has four major forces that effect its ability to fly. –Thrust: causes forward movement –Lift: holds the plane in the air –Drag: opposition to forward motion –Weight: causes craft to descend

Air Transportation Rotary-Wing Aircraft: The blades operate like any other airfoil. The angle (pitch) of the blades are increased to produce lift. The rotor head is tilted to provide forward movement. Rotary-Wing Aircraft: The blades operate like any other airfoil. The angle (pitch) of the blades are increased to produce lift. The rotor head is tilted to provide forward movement.

Air Transportation Guidance and Control: As with structure and suspension Guidance and Control varies according to the type vehicle. Guidance and Control: As with structure and suspension Guidance and Control varies according to the type vehicle. However, all use on board instruments, communication systems, weather radar, and navigational systems to assist the “pilot” in “piloting” the aircraft. However, all use on board instruments, communication systems, weather radar, and navigational systems to assist the “pilot” in “piloting” the aircraft.

Air Transportation Lighter than Air: Controls the ascent and descent of the vehicle. Guidance is determined by wind direction, unless props are fixed to the “gondola”. Lighter than Air: Controls the ascent and descent of the vehicle. Guidance is determined by wind direction, unless props are fixed to the “gondola”.

Air Transportation Fixed Wing Aircraft: Specific guidance and control is achieved through the use of flight controls. Fixed Wing Aircraft: Specific guidance and control is achieved through the use of flight controls. Rudder Ailerons Elevator Aileron and elevator controls are on the control stick. Rudder is controlled by pedals at the pilots feet

Air Transportation Rotary-Wing Aircraft: Use a combination of controls to provide directional guidance, speed, and lift. Rotary-Wing Aircraft: Use a combination of controls to provide directional guidance, speed, and lift.

Air Transportation Collective Stick: Changes the pitch of the blades and controls the lift of the vehicle Collective Stick: Changes the pitch of the blades and controls the lift of the vehicle Cyclic Stick: Changes the “cyclic pitch” of the rotor blades (tilts the main rotor head) and provides directional control. Cyclic Stick: Changes the “cyclic pitch” of the rotor blades (tilts the main rotor head) and provides directional control. Collective Stick

Air Transportation Rudder (Anti-Torque) Pedals: Mechanically control the pitch of the tail rotor blades, increasing or reducing the thrust produced by the tail direction. Rudder (Anti-Torque) Pedals: Mechanically control the pitch of the tail rotor blades, increasing or reducing the thrust produced by the tail direction. The tail rotor provides a counter force (anti- torque) to the one produced by the main rotor. The tail rotor provides a counter force (anti- torque) to the one produced by the main rotor.

TRANSPORTATION