POLICY DIFFUSION AND INNOVATION
Introduction of something new But what is really “new?” For policy innovation, new is something new to the particular government that adopts it INNOVATION
Explanations for adoption of a new program by a unit of government (often a state when we consider education) Internal determinants Political, economic, and social factors INSIDE a unit lead to adoption Diffusion Units adopt because other units adopted first POLICY INNOVATION AND DIFFUSION
Mechanisms Learning Imitation Normative pressure Competition Coercion Diffusion models Regional diffusion Leader-laggard National interaction DIFFUSION
Units with higher levels of wealth, income, and education more likely to innovate Larger units with more “disposable” resources more likely to innovate Motivation to innovate based on: Problem severity Obstacles to overcome and resources available to overcome them INTERNAL DETERMINANTS
“although generally marked by stability and incremental- ism, political processes occasionally produce large-scale departures from the past.” (59) PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium periods Not much change happens Punctuations Big policy changes happen PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM Stasis/ equilibrium/incrementalis m punctuation
Positive feedback: when an issue is on macro-political agenda and small change in circumstances can cause large changes in policy Negative feedback: stasis, maintains stability Federalism, separation of powers, and jurisdictional overlaps inhibit major changes during negative feedback periods But they also mean a movement in one subsystem may succeed, while it fails in another Subsystems: equilibrium and parallel processing Macro politics: punctuations and serial processing
Issue definition Agenda setting An issue rises up from a political subsystem to the macro-political context and has the potential to lead to large-scale change What causes an issue to rise? Policy images Bounded rationality Policy monopoly KEY TERMS
Stochastic Random probability distribution- can’t be perfectly predicted Normal distribution- mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 Kurtosis: how sharply peaked a distribution is Leptokurtosis: very sharply peaked distribution SOME TERMS DEFINED/ REVIEWED
“when political conflict is expanded beyond the confines of expert-driven policy subsystems to other policymaking venues. It relies on the mechanism of policy image- a manner in which a policy is characterized or understood- and a system of partially independent institutional venues within which policy can be made” (82-83) GENERAL PUNCTUATION HYPOTHESIS
According to punctuated equilibrium theory, how does a major policy change happen? Is this theory testable? “better applied work on policy change will occur with better theory; indeed, there is no substitute for this” (90) FOOD FOR THOUGHT