Roles and Functions of the Correctional System

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Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Discuss What are the similarities and differences between jails and prisons? 3

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Jails Jail – a short-term, multipurpose holding facility that serves as a gateway for the criminal justice system 4

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Discuss What types of offenders are held in jails? 5

Jails (continued) Jails hold –Local, state, federal offenders –Short Sentences –Adults of both genders –Juveniles of both genders –Convicted prisoners, awaiting trial or transport 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Discuss 7 What types of offenders are held in prisons?

Prisons Prisons – correctional institutions for prisoners convicted of felonies Extended sentences Post Trial 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Estelle Unit Huntsville TX

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Texas Prison System 9 Texas Death Row ow/dr_info/mastersonrichard.html

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Prisons Top 10 Highest Incarceration Rates 1.California163,001 2.Texas157,997 3.Federal145,416 4.Florida71,319 5.New York70,198 6.Michigan47,718 7.Ohio45,833 8.Illinois45,281 9.Georgia44, Pennsylvania36,847 10

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Discuss What are some careers in the corrections system? 11

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Correctional Careers Probation Officers Parole Officers Jailers or Detention Officers Correctional Officers Juvenile Detention Officers Federal Correctional Officers 12

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Probation Officers Supervise offenders in the community Make reports to court on offender behavior Monitor compliance with court-ordered conditions of release Report non-compliance to the court 13

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Parole Officers Supervise previously incarcerated offenders in the community Monitor compliance with special conditions of release Report non-compliance to the paroling authority Conduct home, work, and office visits with offenders 14

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Jailers and Detention Officers Supervise inmates in correctional facilities (county or local level) Work with adults or juveniles Fingerprint, photograph, and book offenders upon intake 15

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Correctional Officer Supervise offenders (state or federal level) Maintain the security of the facility Transport offenders Conduct searches of offenders and their property Respond to emergencies 16

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Average Correctional Salaries Probation: $31,292 – $47,489 Parole: $32,459 – $44,709 Correctional Officer: $28,241 – $45,579 Jailer: $28,24 – $41,383 17

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. JAIL Jail Documentary 18

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Cell Search Activity Show them things inmates can/cannot have 19

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Discuss What do you think early jail/prison conditions were like? 20

Early Jail Conditions 16 people in a 12 x 12 cell Prisoners provided their own food and medical needs Could buy: alcohol, food, privileges, and cell space had to work for their keep Men, women, and children were all housed together Sick and healthy housed together No heat, no plumbing, no adequate sleeping or living space Many deaths from sickness and starvation 21 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Reforms: The Walnut Street Jail 1790 law passed by the Pennsylvania legislature –Humane physical facilities –Adequate food and water at public expense –Separation of men, women, and children –Prohibited “buying” better treatment 22

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary Built in 1821 Cost $500,000 to house 250 prisoners Most expensive building in the new world First in the country to have flushing toilets and hot-air heating Designed as a penitentiary, not a jail or prison 23 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Penitentiary – a correctional institution based on the concept that inmates can change their criminality through reflection and penitence –Individual cells –Expected to read the bible –Must become proficient at a skill for use after release 24

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Expected to read the Bible when not working or exercising Working, exercising, eating, and sleeping all performed in the prisoner’s cell 25

Reforms: The Auburn System Built in 1816 – walled, maximum security Cells 7’x 4’, 7’ high, back to back, 5 tiers located in the center of the building inside “cell blocks” Cells poorly lit, no fresh air Inmates moved to other locations in the unit for work, exercise, and eating 26 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Reforms: The Auburn System (continued) Corporal punishment used for violations Marched from place to place Short haircuts Distinctive uniforms First use of solitary confinement Prison industries (the prison was self-sufficient) 27 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Reforms: Southern Penal Systems Convict lease system was implemented after the end of slavery Construction work, factory work, agricultural work Very poor work and living conditions Worked hours a day Often lived in cages, and discipline was brutal 28

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Convict Lease Leasing prisoners to work for private contractors. 29 Southern Penal Systems

Reforms: Southern Penal Systems (continued) The origin of “chain gangs” The 1930 Prison Farm System replaced the lease system Inmate labor used to sustain prisons and other profit industries Used prisoners as guards and supervisors to cut costs 30 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Prison Security Levels What are their purpose? 31

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. State Prison Security Levels Minimum Security –Have few physical barriers to escape, and many programs for inmates Medium Security –Fortress-like, walled, self-contained institutions that offer inmates education, job training, and rehabilitation 32

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. State Prison Security Levels (continued) Maximum Security –prisons for inmates at high risk of escape, or who are dangerously violent to other inmates or staff Administrative Segregation –solitary confinement –inmates are kept in single cells 23 hrs a day. They are allowed a shower and one hour of recreation per day. 33

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Discuss What rights do inmates retain? 34

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Constitutional Rights Retain all the rights of “free” citizens Three government interests, however, justify curtailing offender’s rights: –Maintaining internal order and discipline –Securing the institution against unauthorized access or escape –Rehabilitating offenders 35

Prison Reforms (continued) 1980s – the US Supreme Court decided that inmates could sue over –Living conditions –Medical treatment –Inmates’ rights –Prison policies 36 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Resources X, Fagin, James. Criminal Justice: Prentice Hall, , del Carmen, Rolando v. Susan E. Ritter, Betsy A. Witt. Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections: Anderson, , O’Brien, Edward; Fisher, Margaret; Austern, David T. Practical Law for Jail and Prison Personnel: West Group, Civil Liabilities and Other Legal Issues: Do an Internet search for the following: –Findlaw Turner Safely –Supreme justia Turner Safely 37