1. Roles and Functions of the Correctional System

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3. Correctional Careers Probation Officers Parole Officers
Jailers or Detention Officers
Correctional Officers
Juvenile Detention Officers
Federal Correctional Officers

4. Probation Officers Work under county, state, or federal agencies
Make reports to court on offender behavior
Conduct pre-trial investigations for the court
Monitor compliance with court-ordered conditions of release
Complete offender risk assessments
Report non-compliance to the court

5. Parole Officers
Supervise previously incarcerated offenders in the community
Monitor compliance with special conditions of release
Report non-compliance to the paroling authority
Conduct home, work, and officer visits with offenders

6. Parole Officers (continued)
District Parole Officers supervise offenders who have been released on parole, or mandatory supervision, to complete their sentences while living in Texas communities. Institutional Parole Officers are physically assigned to TDCJ units. They interview incarcerated offenders at TDCJ Units, federal correctional institutions, contracted facilities, and county jails statewide to prepare Parole Case Summaries.

7. Jailers and Detention Officers
Supervise inmates in correctional facilities (generally county or local level)
Work with adults or juveniles
Fingerprint, photograph, and book offenders upon intake
Manage offenders in correctional facilities

8. Average Correctional Salaries
Probation: $31,292 – $47,489
Parole: $32,459 – $44,709
Correctional Officer: $28,241 – $45,579
Jailer: $28,24 – $41,383
Federal Probation Officer: $21,083 – $112,800

9. Correctional Officer Duties
Supervise offenders
Maintain the security of the facility
Transport offenders
Conduct searches of offenders and their property
Respond to emergencies
Read, review, and properly apply information

10. Prison Administration
Correctional Officer
Uniformed jail or prison employees whose primary job is the security and movement of inmates
Warden:
The chief administrator of a prison
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11. Your local Bed and Breakfast:
We’ll even leave the light on!
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12. Early Jail Conditions 16 people in a 12 x 12 cell
Prisoners provided their own food and medical needs
Could buy: alcohol, food, privileges, and cell space
Indigents had to work for their keep
Men, women, and children were all housed together
Sick and healthy housed together
No heat, no plumbing, no adequate sleeping or living space
Many deaths from sickness and starvation
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13. Reforms: The Walnut Street Jail
1790 law passed by the Pennsylvania legislature
Humane physical facilities
Adequate food and water at public expense
Separation of men, women, and children
Prohibited “buying” better treatment
Debtors and the mentally ill separated from the criminal population
Orphans were moved to separate buildings

14. Reforms: Prison Life at Walnut Street
Prisoners worked, but were paid for labor
Earned early release for good behavior
Attempted to rehabilitate prisoners
Became overcrowded
Conditions deteriorated and costs skyrocketed
Prison failed at rehabilitation

15. Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary
Built in 1892
Cost $500,000 to house 250 prisoners
Most expensive building in the new world
First in the country to have flushing toilets and hot-air heating
Designed as a penitentiary, not a jail or prison
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16. Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued)
Penitentiary – a correctional institution based on the concept that inmates can change their criminality through reflection and penitence
Individual cells
Must become proficient at a skill for use after release

17. Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued)
Expected to read the Bible when not working or exercising
Use of the “silent system”
Maximum security, walled, and self-contained
Cells 12 x 7.5 and had a window
Working, exercising, eating, and sleeping all performed in the prisoner’s cell

18. Reforms: The Auburn System
Built in 1816 – walled, maximum security
Cells 7’x 4’, 7’ high, back to back, 5 tiers located in the center of the building inside “cell blocks”
Cells poorly lit, no fresh air
Inmates moved to other locations in the unit for work, exercise, and eating
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19. Reforms: The Auburn System (continued)
The silent system was used, but hard to enforce
Corporal punishment used for violations
Marched from place to place
Short haircuts
Distinctive uniforms
First use of solitary confinement
Prison industries (the prison was self-sufficient)
The Prototype American Prison
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20. Reforms: Southern Penal Systems
Convict lease system was implemented after the end of slavery
Construction work, factory work, agricultural work
Very poor work and living conditions
Worked hours a day
Often lived in cages, and discipline was brutal

21. Reforms: Southern Penal Systems (continued)
The origin of “chain gangs”
The 1930 Prison Farm System replaced the lease system
Inmate labor used to sustain prisons and other profit industries
Used prisoners as guards and supervisors to cut costs
Arkansas and Texas brought about U.S. Supreme Court decisions on the 8th amendment
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22. Prison Reforms 1930s laws prohibited the sale of inmate goods
Prisons began supplying products to the government (license plates)
Between 1950 and 1966, over 100 riots
In September 1971, 43 inmates died in the Attica State Prison riot
In February 1980, 36 died in New Mexico riots

23. Prison Reforms (continued)
1980s – the US Supreme Court decided that inmates could sue over
Living conditions
Medical treatment
Inmates’ rights
Prison policies
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24. Jails
Jail – a short-term, multipurpose holding facility that serves as a gateway for the criminal justice system
Jails hold
Defendants awaiting trial
Defendants convicted of misdemeanors
The mentally ill pending movement to a health facility

25. Jails (continued) Jails hold
Local, state, federal, and military prisoners
Adults of both genders
Juveniles
Convicted prisoners
Absconders
Witnesses
Most awaiting trial or transport
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26. Punishment Range for Jail
Class C Misdemeanor
a fine up to $500 (ticket)
cannot be arrested
speeding or open container
Class B Misdemeanor
up to 180 days in jail, and a $2,000 fine
Class A Misdemeanor
up to 2 years in jail, and a $4,000 fine

27. County Jails Over 3,300 local and county jails
Vary in size from less than 50 to more than 7,000
Population has more than doubled since 1983
Very few municipal jails

28. State Prisons
Prisons – correctional institutions for prisoners convicted of felonies
Extended sentences
Separated inmates by sex
Architecture reflective of gender bias
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29. Prisons Top 10 Highest Incarceration Rates California 163,001
Texas 157,997
Federal 145,416
Florida 71,319
New York 70,198
Michigan 47,718
Ohio 45,833
Illinois 45,281
Georgia 44,232
Pennsylvania 36,847

30. Punishment Levels for Prison
State Jail Felony (SJF)
180 days to 2 years, and a $10,000 fine
3rd Degree
2-10 years, and a $10,000 fine
2nd Degree
2-20 years, and a $10,000 fine
1st Degree
2-99 (life), and a $10,000 fine
Capital
Death
Life without Parole
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31. State Prison Security Levels
Minimum Security
Have few physical barriers to escape, and many programs for inmates
Medium Security
Fortress-like, walled, self-contained institutions that offer inmates education, vocation, and rehabilitation

32. State Prison Security Levels (continued)
Maximum Security
prisons for inmates at high risk of escape, or who are dangerously violent to other inmates or staff
Administrative Segregation
solitary confinement
inmates are kept in single cells 23 hrs a day. They are allowed a shower and one hour of recreation per day.

33. Private Jails and Prisons
For-profit facilities run by private security companies
Contracted by counties at lower cost
Less programs
Less training, lower pay, and conditions often below state standards
Escapes and assaults carry smaller penalties

34. Constitutional Rights
Retain all the rights of “free” citizens
Three government interests, however, justify curtailing offender’s rights:
Maintaining internal order and discipline
Securing the institution against unauthorized access or escape
Rehabilitating offenders
Most cases filed against correctional officers are based on a violation of constitutional law under the Bill of Rights or the Fourteenth amendment.

35. Habeas Corpus
The primary purpose is to seek release from prison or jail for unlawful confinement
Exhaust state judicial remedies before going to federal court
Filed in state or federal court
Filed by one offender
Affects only that offender

36. Section 1983
The purpose is to address prison conditions or obtain monetary damages from prison officials
Filed directly in federal court
Affects all offenders
May be filed as class action suit

37. First Amendment Freedom of Religion Speech Press Assembly
Petitioning the government for redress of grievances

38. Fourth Amendment
Prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures

39. Fifth Amendment The right to jury for capital crimes
Protects against double jeopardy
The right against self-incrimination
Prohibits taking life, liberty, or property without due process
Protects against taking private property without just compensation

40. Sixth Amendment The right to a public and speedy trial Impartial jury
Informed of the nature and cause of accusations
Confront witnesses
Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses
Right to an attorney

41. Eighth Amendment Prohibits excessive bail
Protects against cruel and unusual punishment
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42. Fourteenth Amendment
The right to the privileges and immunities of citizens
The right to due process
The right to equal protection under the law

43. Case Law
Impingment on an offender’s constitutional rights is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests
Turner v. Safely, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)
Turner v. Safely is the most important case ever decided in prison law by the Supreme Court.

44. Resources
X, Fagin, James. Criminal Justice: Prentice Hall, 2007.
, del Carmen, Rolando v. Susan E. Ritter, Betsy A. Witt.
Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections: Anderson, 2008.
, O’Brien, Edward; Fisher, Margaret; Austern, David T.
Practical Law for Jail and Prison Personnel: West Group, 1987.
Civil Liabilities and Other Legal Issues:
Do an Internet search for the following:
Findlaw Turner Safely
Supreme justia Turner Safely